Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Income and wealth inequality continue to pose deep-rooted structural challenges in India, carrying far-reaching consequences for economic stability, inclusive development, and effective policymaking. Consequently, accurate forecasting of inequality trends is crucial for evidence-based policy decisions. This study evaluates the suitability and comparative predictive performance of nonlinear machine learning and time-series techniques for forecasting income and wealth inequality in India. Departing from the constraints of traditional linear econometric models, the analysis employs Random Forest (RF), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models to better capture the nonlinear relationships and temporal dynamics that characterize inequality processes. Drawing on historical inequality measures obtained from nationally representative secondary datasets, the forecasting models are developed and tested within a common analytical framework. Model performance is evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The empirical evidence demonstrates that machine learning-driven approaches most notably XGBoost and LSTM outperform conventional ARIMA and other benchmark models in predictive accuracy. This advantage stems from their enhanced capacity to capture nonlinear dynamics and long-range temporal dependencies. The results highlight the growing importance of advanced machine learning methods as reliable and complementary instruments for forecasting inequality in emerging economies. Overall, the study makes a methodological contribution to the inequality forecasting literature and provides actionable insights for policymakers aiming to adopt data-driven strategies to track and mitigate income and wealth inequality in India.

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 Keywords

Income Inequality; Wealth Inequality; India; Forecasting; Machine Learning; Time-Series Analysis; Random Forest; ARIMA; Support Vector Regression; XGBoost; LSTM

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Ayurveda-The science of life put forward the two methods for maintenance of health. They are - i) Swasthasya swasthya rakshanam i.e. maintaining health by adopting proper preventive measures and ii) Aturasya vikar prashamana i.e. curing diseases by giving suitable treatment for the ailment. In Ayurveda the term 'Agni' is considered as the power which converts the ingested food substances from one form to another. Agni converts food in the form of substances which are accepted by the body. Ayurveda considers 'Dehagni' as fundamental cause of life, complexion, strength, health, nourishment, lustre, oja, teja and prana. In Ayurveda, Agnimandya is said to be the root cause of most of the diseases like Atisar, Grahani, Arsha etc. So it is important to understand the Concept of Agnimandya thoroughly to avoid the occurrence and reoccurrence of various diseases. In the present era of 21 st century Arsha has become more common and distressing disease. Symptomatic Arsha affect at least 50% of population at some phase during their lives with around 5% of population suffering at any given time. So it is important to take care of Agni to avoid Agnimandya and occurrence of various diseases.

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Agni, Agnimandya, Arsha, jathragni, Ama.

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Abstract: A fish market is a location where commercially significant fish and fish products are sold. In the city of Bhandara, there exist two varieties of fish markets: a regular fish market and a weekly fish market. The regular fish market is situated in the Kardha area of Bhandara, while the weekly fish market is found in the main city. The variety of fish is analyzed through the presence of specific species in catches by fishermen and examinations of local fish markets. Collected fish were identified using standard literature, photographed, and preserved in glass jars containing a 10% formalin solution. Fish from the orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Ophiocephaliformes, Beloniformes, Clupeiformes, and Mastacembeliformes were documented in Bhandara fish market. A significant group of fish is classified under the order Cypriniformes. Fishes from the order Cypriniformes are commonly favored in aquaculture methods. These fish are raised to meet the needs of consumers. Consumers primarily favor these fish because they grow larger and are highly nutritious and tasty. In the current study, we have indicated the presence of various types of fish at the Bhandara fish market. These investigations will aid in examining the freshwater resources of Bhandara District and will also assist in conducting research on these lines.

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 Keywords

Bhandara, Fish market, Cypriniformes, Aquaculture.

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The present study investigated the ecological dynamics of trematode parasitism in freshwater fish Channa spp. From the river Rapti, Uttar Pradesh, India, during January-December 2025. Monthly and seasonal sampling was conducted to assess variations in infection parameters in relation to environmental and water quality factors. Fish hosts were analyzed for trematode parasites, and ecological indices for instance, prevalence, average intensity, relative density, abundance, dominant percentage, and infestation index calculation were performed. The results revealed pronounced monthly and seasonal reflection in trematode infection, with peak prevalence and parasite load recorded during late summer and early monsoon months, while the lowest values were noted during winter. Seasonal analysis indicated highest infection spring and summer, suggesting favorable environmental conditions for the transmission of parasites during warmer periods. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water showed noticeable variation across months, which appeared to influence parasite prevalence and host susceptibility. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strongly significant positive correlation between the number of infected hosts and major infection indices. Overall, the findings highlighted the strong influence of seasonal and environmental factors on trematode parasitism in Channa spp., emphasizing the ecological sensitivity of host-parasite interactions in freshwater ecosystems.

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 Keywords

Trematode parasites, Channa spp., Prevalence, Seasonal variation, Ecological indices and River Rapti

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Arundhati Roy's memoir Mother Mary Comes to Me (2025) reimagines motherhood beyond traditional sentimental and cultural idealizations by presenting a maternal figure shaped by emotional conflict, social struggle, and political resistance. Instead of portraying motherhood as a purely nurturing and self-sacrificing role, Roy constructs maternal identity as complex, contradictory, and historically conditioned. This paper examines how Roy represents motherhood through emotional authority, educational vision, legal activism, and intergenerational transmission of resistance. By situating maternal experience within patriarchal and class-based structures, the memoir challenges essentialist notions of maternal instinct and highlights motherhood as both personal relationship and social practice. The study argues that Roy transforms motherhood into a political and ethical project that extends beyond domestic boundaries, thereby redefining maternal influence as a force of cultural and ideological continuity.

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 Keywords

Motherhood, Memoir, Feminist Literature, Political Identity, Arundhati Roy, Maternal Authority

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly altered contemporary methods of data collection and processing, making personal information a critical resource for technological advancement. While AI-driven systems offer significant benefits in areas such as governance, healthcare, finance, and criminal justice, their extensive dependence on personal and behavioural data presents serious challenges to data protection and privacy. Conventional legal frameworks were not designed to regulate autonomous and opaque algorithmic systems, resulting in regulatory gaps concerning consent, transparency, accountability, and surveillance. This paper critically examines the privacy risks associated with AI technologies and evaluates existing international and Indian legal responses, with particular emphasis on constitutional jurisprudence. The study further proposes legal and policy reforms aimed at strengthening privacy safeguards while ensuring that innovation in artificial intelligence remains responsible and rights-oriented.

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Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection, Privacy, Indian Constitutional Law, Digital Governance

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Value education plays a crucial role in shaping the moral, ethical, and social behavior of children. In primary schools, value education helps in developing character, discipline, empathy, and social responsibility. This paper examines the importance of value education in the moral development of primary learners. The meaning of Value Education is to teach universal values like moral values, patience, honesty, etc., to the students. The purpose of value education is the development of the personality of the student. The full development of children's personality in its physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. The value education inculcates universal and ethical values such as compassion, courage, honesty, tolerance and truthfulness. This helps in nurturing balanced individuals thus creating a humane society.

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Value Education, Moral Development, Primary Education, Ethics, Character Building

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The 1990s represent a defining phase in the history of Indian film music, marked by emotional richness, cultural immersion, and commercial expansion in the pre-digital era. This study, titled "Soundtracks of a Generation: Indian Film Music Culture in the 90s -- From Cassette Culture to Fan Communities," examines the evolution of Indian Hindi film music between 1990 and 2000 and its influence on youth culture, social practices, audience engagement, and the film industry's economic dynamics. Drawing upon cultural analysis, historical documentation, and industry trends, the research explores how film music became deeply embedded in everyday life through audio cassettes, CDs, FM radio, television music channels, and public spaces. The study highlights the role of prominent composers, playback singers, and record labels in shaping musical styles that blended classical, folk, and Western influences, resulting in iconic soundtracks that defined collective memory. It further investigates the emergence of informal fan communities, Antakshari culture, and music-centered social interactions that fostered emotional bonding and identity formation among the youth. From a commercial perspective, the research evaluates the impact of soundtrack popularity on cassette and CD sales, film promotion, and box office performance, demonstrating how music functioned as both a cultural expression and a strategic marketing tool. By situating 1990s film music within its technological, social, and market context, the study provides valuable insights into the enduring legacy of this era and its relevance to contemporary nostalgia marketing, remix culture, and audience engagement strategies in Indian cinema.

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 Keywords

Indian Film Music, 1990s Cinema, Cassette Culture, Youth Culture, Fan Communities, Music and Society, Film Marketing, Box Office Performance, Pre-Digital Media, Cultural Memory

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Cotton has historically been one of India's most significant agricultural and industrial commodities, contributing substantially to foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. The country ranks among the leading producers and exporters of cotton and cotton-based products, with Tiruppur district in Tamil Nadu emerging as a global hub for knitwear and textile exports. This study examines the trends of cotton exports in India with a particular focus on Tiruppur, analyzing growth patterns, export destinations, and the challenges faced by the industry. The research highlights the role of Tiruppur's textile clusters in driving India's cotton export performance, sustainability.

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Trends, Cotton Exports, Sustainability, Performance

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Abstract Mathematics anxiety deserves attention as it is a common problem found in students at all levels of learning. The current study examines secondary school students' anxiety related to mathematics in district Ganderbal by taking into account of variables like school type, and student's gender. Random sampling technique employed to select 100 samples from the ten Schools of district Ganderbal. The sample of the students comprises 50 males and 50 females, accessing all the indicated demographic data. The information was gathered using a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale that the researcher had created in accordance with the study's goals. Descriptive and comparative analyses were used to analyse the data. According to the study, students' anxiety levels in mathematics were moderate, with variables of gender, and type of school. The finding translates psychological insights into concrete classroom improvements, guiding teachers, curriculum designers, counsellors, and parents in creating an emotionally safe and academically productive environment for secondary-level students.

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 Keywords

Key Words: Mathematics Anxiety, Secondary Students

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition