Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Spending behaviour plays a crucial role in understanding how individuals manage their income and meet their needs. This study focuses on the spending patterns of plantation workers in Munnar and the socio-economic factors influencing their expenditures. Data was collected from 200 workers using a structured questionnaire, covering demographic details, spending priorities, and economic influences. Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, Garrett Ranking, and chi-square tests. The results indicate that plantation workers prioritize essential needs such as food, healthcare, and housing, while savings and leisure activities receive lower attention due to limited income and rising living costs. Economic factors such as cost of living, income level, debt, and healthcare expenses significantly influence spending behaviour. The study emphasizes the need for financial awareness, income support and welfare initiatives to improve the financial well-being of plantation workers.

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 Keywords

Spending behaviour, plantation workers, socio-economic factors, financial awareness, social obligations, etc.,

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Endometrial ablation is a minimally invasive treatment aimed at destroying or removing the inner lining of the Uterus - Endometrium, to reduce or stop menstrual flow altogether in patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Endometrial ablation is typically recommended for women who experience menorrhagia, for whom medication has not been effective, and for those who do not wish to undergo a Hysterectomy. Endometrial Thermal Balloon Ablation (ETBA) may be conceptually equated with Agnikarma, as both utilize controlled thermal energy to ablate diseased tissue and induce Rakta-stambhana. A 45-year-old female with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding came to our department with C/O - Intermittent PV bleeding for the past 2 months with UPT Negative. O/E - Patient's vitals were stable. Per Abdominal examination - Soft and Non-tender. Per vaginal examination revealed a bulky Uterus, corresponding to 8 weeks. Surgical H/O - Diagnostic D&C done and HPE reports suggestive of Cystic Glandular Hyperplasia without atypia. USG suggestive of Bulky Uterus with Thick Cystic Endometrium with Bilateral ovarian cyst. The patient consented to Endometrial Thermal Balloon Ablation under Spinal Anaesthesia. Initially, dilatation and curettage was done, followed by Endometrial Thermal Balloon Ablation, and Endometrial fire (smoke) was achieved as the endpoint. The patient was vitally stable and discharged without complication.

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 Keywords

Endometrial ablation, Endometrium, Abnormal Uterine bleeding, Bulky Uterus, Thermal balloon, Menorrhagia, Agnikarma.

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In recent decades, the participation of women in the workforce has increased significantly due to rising educational attainment, economic necessity, and changing social norms. Despite this progress, working mothers continue to face multiple challenges while balancing professional responsibilities and family obligations. The present sociological study aims to explore the problems and challenges experienced by working mothers in their daily lives. The study focuses on work-family conflict, role strain, workplace discrimination, psychological stress, and lack of social support. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected from working mothers using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that long working hours, inadequate childcare facilities, gender role expectations, and limited organizational support significantly affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of working mothers. The study emphasizes the need for supportive workplace policies, shared domestic responsibilities, and social awareness to improve the quality of life of working mothers.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Working Mothers, Work-Family Conflict, Gender Roles, Role Strain, Sociological Study

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Underwater concrete (UWC) is widely used in marine and hydraulic structures; however, its performance is often compromised by cement washout, loss of cohesion, and significant strength reduction during underwater placement. This study evaluates the fresh and hardened properties of selected underwater concrete mixtures incorporating silica fume and a hybrid combination of silica fume and fly ash, in comparison with a conventional control mix. The experimental program focused on assessing workability, washout resistance, air content, and compressive strength under both air and underwater casting conditions. The results demonstrate that the control mix suffered severe washout and substantial strength loss, confirming its unsuitability for underwater applications. The inclusion of silica fume significantly improved washout resistance and strength retention due to enhanced matrix densification and refined pore structure; however, it led to increased viscosity and reduced flowability. In contrast, the hybrid silica fume-fly ash mixture provided a more balanced performance, achieving improved workability, reduced air content, and satisfactory strength retention, particularly at later ages. The findings confirm that optimized combinations of supplementary cementitious materials can effectively enhance the stability and durability of underwater concrete. The hybrid silica fume and fly ash system is shown to be a promising solution for achieving improved overall performance in underwater construction while maintaining acceptable workability.

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 Keywords

Underwater , Silica fume , washout resistance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This project presents a web-based digital calculator developed using the Flask framework, incorporating user authentication, calculation history tracking, and a modern user interface. The application allows users to perform basic arithmetic operations securely, with their calculations stored in a database for later review. It demonstrates key concepts in web development, database management, security, and client-server architecture. The system uses SQLite for data persistence, Flask-Login for session management, and AJAX for seamless interactions.

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Digital Calculator,Web Calculator,Online Calculator ,Calculator Web Application,Browser-Based Calculator

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This article investigates the prolonged territorial contention between Mizoram and Assam, with an emphasis on the northern frontier of Mizoram, where the delineation remains both undetermined and disputed. By tracing the historical trajectory of this contention, the manuscript identifies its origins in colonial boundary-delineation practices, notably the enforcement and subsequent alterations of the Inner Line as dictated by the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation of 1873, along with later notifications issued in 1904, 1912, 1930, and 1933. These colonial interventions, motivated by administrative expedience and resource extraction, disrupted ethnic homelands, restricted traditional land-utilization practices, and established the groundwork for post-colonial discord. Utilizing a diverse array of archival documents, official reports, minutes from inter-state meetings, media sources, and comprehensive fieldwork accounts, the article scrutinizes how clashing assertions rooted in the 1875 and 1933 Inner Line notifications persist in influencing state positions and invigorating annual cycles of claims and counterclaims, particularly during the periods of cultivation and harvest. This investigation underscores the socio-economic ramifications of the intractable dispute on borderland communities, encompassing land dispossession, livelihood instability, administrative overlaps, and the militarization of quotidian existence. It posits that the inability of successive negotiations and the lack of a neutral Boundary Commission have sustained an atmosphere of uncertainty and distrust. The article concludes by asserting that, in the absence of a historically informed, negotiated, and community-sensitive demarcation process facilitated by central authorities, the Assam-Mizoram border dispute will persist as a chronic source of discord and marginalization within the region.

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 Keywords

Assam-Mizoram border dispute, Inner Line Regulation, Colonial boundary-making, Land and resource conflict, Borderland communities, post-colonial state formation

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Shāh-i-Hamadan, also known as Mir Sayyid ?Al Hamadan’s (1314-1385), occupies a central place in the religious, intellectual, and cultural history of Kashmir. As a leading Sufi of the Kubrawiyyah order, a prolific scholar, and a social reformer, he played a decisive role in shaping the spiritual ethos and socio-moral foundations of Kashmiri Muslim society. The objective of this paper is to examine the core elements of Sh?h-i-Hamadan's Sufi thought, particularly his emphasis on Shar??ah-centered spirituality, ethical reform, socio-economic responsibility, and disciplined spiritual practice and to assess their relevance in addressing contemporary moral, social, and spiritual challenges. The study employs a qualitative methodology, including textual analysis of Sh?h-i-Hamadan's major works, historical chronicles, and secondary scholarly literature, to reconstruct his intellectual and spiritual contributions. The findings suggest that his Sufi vision offers a holistic framework for confronting issues such as moral decline, social injustice, religious extremism, and the crisis of spiritual meaning, demonstrating its enduring applicability in modern society.

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Shāh-i-Hamadan’s Sufi Thought: Ethical Foundations and Contemporary Relevance

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This study investigates the quantitative differences in physical fitness and psychological traits among male badminton players from varying socioeconomic statuses (SES). A sample of 90 players aged 18-25, stratified into high, middle, and low SES groups, was evaluated using standardized physical fitness tests (endurance, strength, agility, flexibility) and psychological scales (motivation, stress, self-esteem). The results indicated significant variations in both physical and psychological metrics across SES levels. Players from high SES backgrounds demonstrated superior agility, cardiovascular endurance, and psychological resilience, while those from lower SES showed higher stress levels and lower self-esteem. These findings suggest the need for inclusive training programs that address both physical and mental aspects for athletes from disadvantaged backgrounds

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 Keywords

Badminton, Physical Fitness, Psychological Traits, Socio economic status.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Inflammation is a complex biological response mediated by key enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX-5), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential and drug-likeness of the phytosterol ?-sitosterol using in silico approaches. Drug-likeness assessment was performed using the Molinspiration Cheminformatics tool based on Lipinski's Rule of Five, while molecular docking studies were conducted to analyze the binding affinity and interaction profile of ?-sitosterol with COX-2 and LOX-5. The drug-likeness analysis revealed that ?-sitosterol satisfies the majority of Lipinski's criteria, with a single violation related to high lipophilicity, suggesting acceptable oral bioavailability. Molecular docking results demonstrated stable and favorable binding of ?-sitosterol within the active sites of both COX-2 and LOX-5. The interactions were stabilized by hydrogen bonding and extensive hydrophobic contacts with key amino acid residues, indicating strong inhibitory potential against both enzymes. The dual targeting of COX-2 and LOX-5 suggests that ?-sitosterol may effectively modulate inflammatory pathways by simultaneously suppressing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. Overall, the findings of this in silico study highlight ?-sitosterol as a promising natural lead compound with dual anti-inflammatory activity. The results provide a molecular basis for its therapeutic potential and support further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.

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 Keywords

Inflammation, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, computational study, phytosterol

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This research provides a comprehensive performance assessment of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic decentralized wastewater treatment facility situated in a rural Egyptian community. The system configuration comprises an Up-flow Septic Tank/Baffled Reactor (USBR) followed by an aeration unit to facilitate biological polishing. Throughout a rigorous six-month longitudinal monitoring phase, the facility exhibited high treatment stability, yielding mean removal efficiencies of 87% for COD, 86% for BOD, 91% for TSS, and 86% for Oil & Grease (O&G). Analytical data confirm that the final effluent parameters consistently align with the regulatory thresholds established by the Egyptian Code of Practice. Critical operational phenomena, such as surface scum formation within the anaerobic reactor and sludge bulking in the aerobic stage, were systematically managed through technical maintenance and community-based participatory interventions. The empirical findings underscore that the anaerobic stage serves as the primary mechanism for pollutant degradation, while the subsequent aerobic phase ensures effluent stabilization. The study validates the Upgraded USBR as a technically viable, energy-efficient, and economically sustainable paradigm for rural sanitation infrastructure.

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 Keywords

USBR, up-flow, wastewater treatment, decentralized, low cost

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition