Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Recurrent umbilical hernia presents a surgical challenge due to distorted anatomy and higher risk of re-recurrence. We report a case of recurrent umbilical hernia in 38 year Female patient with a history of previous Laparoscopic hernia repair before 2 years who presented with a symptomatic umbilical swelling since 8 months . Clinical examination and ultrasonography confirmed recurrence. The patient underwent open retro-rectus (Rives-Stoppa) mesh repair, in which a well-defined retro-rectus plane was created bilaterally and a polypropylene mesh was placed with adequate overlap. The postoperative period was uneventful, with no wound-related complications. On follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic with no evidence of recurrence. This case highlights that open retro-rectus mesh repair is a safe, effective, and durable technique for the management of recurrent umbilical hernia.

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Recurrent umbilical hernia, Retro-rectus repair, Rives-Stoppa

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Abstract The Manusa?hit? long regarded as a foundational text in Indian legal and social thought, also contains a rich, though often overlooked, reservoir of ecological wisdom. At a time when environmental degradation threatens planetary health, this paper revisits the Manusa?hit? through the lens of environmental ethics, revealing its relevance to contemporary ecological challenges. Far from being a relic of a bygone era, the text offers a sophisticated vision of human-nature relationships rooted in restraint, responsibility, and reverence for all forms of life. Modern environmental ethics--shaped by thinkers such as Aldo Leopold, Peter Singer, Holmes Rolston, Tom Regan, and Paul Taylor--seeks to address the moral obligations of humans toward non-human entities and ecosystems. The Manusa?hit? anticipates many of these concerns through its integrated cosmology and dharmic directives. It presents nature not as a passive resource but a living, sacred entity with intrinsic value and moral standing. The paper examines Manu's approach to plants, animals, and natural elements such as water, soil etc. Plants are recognized as sentient beings enveloped in tamas, and their destruction is subject to ethical scrutiny and penance. Animal welfare is approached with a nuanced balance between ritual practice and non-violence, advocating compassion and justice for all creatures. Environmental components like rivers, forests, and arable land are protected through detailed rules that prohibit pollution, waste, and overexploitation--offering a proto-legal framework for ecological preservation. Through its analysis, the study demonstrates how the Manusa?hit? advances a holistic ethical paradigm--one in which ecological sustainability is inseparable from spiritual and social duties. By reinterpreting ancient dharma in dialogue with contemporary ecological thought, the paper reveals the enduring significance of indigenous wisdom for shaping a sustainable and ethically grounded future.

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Keywords: Ecological Wisdom, Sustainability, Animal Welfare, Sacred Nature.

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Shalya Tantra is a vital branch of Ayurveda that deals with the management of surgical and para-surgical conditions through Shalya (foreign body or pathological entity removal) and Shastra Karma (operative procedures). While Sushrut Samhita is widely acknowledged as the principal surgical treatise, the concepts of Shalya and Shastra Karma are also systematically addressed in Charak Samhita and Ashtang Hridaya. A comprehensive understanding of these concepts across the Brihattrayi is essential for appreciating the integrated surgical philosophy of Ayurveda. Methods: All the available relevant data were collected from Ayurveda classics: Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Ashtang Hrudaya, commentaries, modern literature, and research journals available from the Database PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: The review revealed that the concept of Shalya in the Brihattrayi extends beyond physical foreign bodies to include internal pathological factors such as vitiated Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala. Shastra Karma is uniformly described as a systematic procedure involving Poorva, Pradhana, and Paschat Karma. Sushrut Samhita provides detailed and practical surgical descriptions, whereas Charak Samhita emphasizes surgical decision-making, prognosis, and conservative approaches. Ashtang Hridaya presents a concise and clinically applicable synthesis of surgical principles. Common emphasis on surgical ethics, physician competence, patient care, and post-operative management was observed across all three texts. Conclusion: The Brihattrayi collectively presents a well-structured and holistic framework of Shalya and Shastra Karma, demonstrating that Ayurvedic surgery is a comprehensive discipline integrating preventive, operative, and rehabilitative principles. This critical Samhita review highlights the relevance of classical surgical concepts in strengthening contemporary Shalya Tantra education and clinical practice.

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Shalya Tantra, Shalya , Shastra Karma, Brihattrayi, Sushrut Samhita, Charak Samhita, Ashtang Hridaya, Ayurvedic Surgery.

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Today the world is becoming very competitive and fast paced. In growing suburban areas like Virar, working professionals face a lot of pressure to balance demanding careers with personal life responsibilities. Nowadays working professionals have to balance between their work and personal life. Quick commerce has helped them by saving much of the time. Quick commerce offers ultra fast delivery of groceries, essentials and daily use products. It saves time and it is also convenient. Quick commerce provides goods delivered at your doorstep in a 10-20 minutes time period. It promises ultra fast delivery. This study explores the extent to which Q commerce contributes to achieve work life synergy among Virar's working population.

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Quick Commerce, Work life balance , Working professionals, Convenience, Fast delivery,

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Charles Dickens remains one of the most powerful literary voices of the Victorian era in exposing the inequities and contradictions of a rapidly industrializing society. His novels repeatedly confront the realities of class divisions, poverty, and the pressures of capitalist modernity. This article examines Oliver Twist (1838) and Hard Times (1854) through the lens of Marxist literary criticism, with particular attention to how Dickens dramatizes class conflict and the commodification of human life. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Karl Marx alongside later critics such as Raymond Williams and Terry Eagleton, the study interprets Dickens's fictional world as a space where the struggles of the poor, the exploited, and the marginalized are narrated against the dominant ideologies of Victorian capitalism. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, interpretive case study of the two novels, engaging in close textual analysis informed by Marxist concepts such as alienation, surplus value, and commodity fetishism. The findings suggest that Oliver Twist exposes how poverty and childhood itself are commodified within pre-industrial urban England, while Hard Times extends this critique into the mechanized logic of industrial capitalism, where workers and even education become reduced to instruments of production. By situating Dickens within a broader critical framework, the article argues that his novels not only reflect the tensions of nineteenth-century society but also resonate with contemporary debates on inequality, labor, and the commodification of human existence.

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Marxist Criticism, Class Conflict, Commodification, Victorian Novel, Oliver Twist, Hard Times.

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In December 2019,an epidemic emerged in the youhn province of Chaina that brought life to a standstill across the world, including India. This pandemic had pushed people far apart from one another. The impact of this pandemic was so profound that many were forced to abandon their livelihoods that had been passed down through generations for years. The pandemic resulted in the deaths of a large number of people, while many others managed to survive after suffering from the disease for a long time. Through this research paper ,I shall try to discuss the impact of this pandemic on the people of Junglemahal.By Junglemahal Imeanthe vast area of South West Bengal where the Junglemahal district was created by East India Company according to the regulation of xviii of 1805.This district was lasting upto 1833,then it was abolished according to regulation of xiii.Currently, the districts of Bankura,Purulia,west Medinipore,Jhargram,Birbhum have been formed centering around this Junglemahal.

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Pendemic,Impact,Always,Covid,Society.Economy.

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The rapid growth of the Internet and smartphone usage has changed the way businesses conduct marketing, transitioning from traditional to digital marketing. Digital marketing relies primarily on the Internet to reach and connect with consumers, and among all digital platforms available for marketers today, social media plays one of the most important roles in helping consumers form opinions about products and decide whether or not to purchase them. Social media marketing includes all types of marketing used on social media; there are many different ways of using these sites: examples include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube.

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Social Media Marketing, Consumer Buying Behaviour, Digital Marketing, Purchase Intention, Brand Awareness, Influencer Marketing, Online Reviews, Customer Engagement, Social Media Platforms, Decision-Making Process

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The prominence of electoral freebies in contemporary Indian politics represents a significant transformation in how political parties mobilize voter support and structure governance priorities. This study examines Delhi's 2025 Assembly elections as a critical case where welfare schemes, subsidized utilities, and direct cash transfers have become central to electoral competition across all major political parties. Through systematic analysis of budgetary data spanning 2014-15 to 2025-26, electoral manifestos, and voter behavior patterns, this research investigates whether freebie-driven governance constitutes genuine welfare enhancement or unsustainable populist strategy that compromises fiscal sustainability and developmental investment. The empirical evidence reveals dramatic fiscal transformation where subsidy expenditure surged six hundred nine percent from Rs 1,554.72 crore to Rs 10,995.34 crore over the decade, while capital expenditure contracted from 22.7% to 16.4% of total budget. The projected fiscal deficit for 2025-26 reaches Rs 13,702.95 crore, nearly ninefold higher than the previous year, driven primarily by competing welfare promises across parties. Electoral analysis demonstrates that freebies significantly influence voting behavior, particularly among women and economically vulnerable populations, with approximately sixty-two percent of voters acknowledging their importance in electoral decisions. However, educated middle and upper-income voters increasingly distinguish between merit-based welfare focused on education and healthcare versus consumptive subsidies, viewing the latter as fiscally irresponsible. The research concludes that while electorally effective in the short term, Delhi's freebie model creates path-dependent fiscal stress that constrains developmental capacity and raises fundamental questions about democratic accountability and sustainable governance.

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Electoral freebies, fiscal sustainability, voter behavior, welfare governance, populism, Delhi elections

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This research paper explores Mary Wollstonecraft's conceptualization of motherhood within her feminist philosophy, primarily as articulated in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Wollstonecraft posits that rational education is essential for women to fulfil motherhood effectively, critiquing the frivolous upbringing that renders them inadequate nurturers and companions. Through a feminist lens, the study examines how her views challenge patriarchal subordination, linking motherhood to political participation and moral development. The literature review synthesizes scholarly interpretations of her pro-motherhood stance, emphasizing its compatibility with feminist empowerment. Employing qualitative textual analysis of primary texts and secondary sources, the methodology uncovers Wollstonecraft's advocacy for educated, independent mothers. Results reveal her rejection of sentimentalized motherhood in Favor of rational duty, influencing modern pro-life feminism and gender equity. The conclusion underscores the enduring relevance of her thought in contemporary debates on women's rights, advocating for educational reforms to harmonize motherhood with autonomy. This analysis highlights Wollstonecraft as a foundational figure who redefines motherhood beyond reproduction, integrating it into broader emancipation.

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Mary Wollstonecraft, Motherhood, Feminist Thought, Education, Rationality, Patriarchal Norms, Political Participation, Moral Formation.

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