Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

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Sand surface training, artificial grass, sports-specific conditioning, shooting, dribbling, passing, soccer performance

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Antimicrobial activity, Methanol extract, Nuts and Husk, Quantitative analysis

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Prachin Bhartiya Siksha Me Dr. shyama Prasad Mukharji Ka Drshitikon

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Prachin Bhartiya Siksha Me Dr. shyama Prasad Mukharji Ka Drshitikon

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Abstract Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites that, although not essential for primary growth and development, play vital roles in ecological interactions such as defense, signaling, and adaptation to environmental stress. These compounds are of considerable pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial importance. Traditionally, secondary metabolites are extracted from field-grown plants; however, this method is limited by seasonal and geographical variability, slow growth rates, low and inconsistent yields, and the risk of overharvesting valuable plant resources. Plant tissue culture offers a sustainable alternative for the controlled production of secondary metabolites by exploiting the totipotency of plant cells. In vitro systems including callus cultures, cell suspension cultures, organ cultures, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced hairy root cultures enable metabolite biosynthesis independent of environmental constraints. Precise manipulation of culture conditions, elicitors, precursor feeding, and genetic modifications allows optimization of metabolite yield and quality. Despite these advantages, challenges such as low productivity, metabolic instability, and difficulties in large-scale bioreactor cultivation remain. Recent advances in elicitation strategies, metabolic engineering, and genome editing are enhancing the feasibility of in vitro metabolite production. This review summarizes current developments, limitations, and future prospects of plant tissue culture-based secondary metabolite production.

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Plant tissue culture; Secondary metabolites; In vitro production; Elicitation; Hairy root cultures; Metabolic engineering; Bioreactors

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Bioactive compost; microbial enrichment; soil organic carbon; nutrient availability; sodicity; wheat; integrated nutrient management

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Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a primary biochemical marker used for assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and guiding lipid-lowering therapy. LDL-C estimation may vary depending on analytical variability in lipid parameters and the calculation method used, which can influence cardiovascular risk categorization. Aim: To evaluate the effect of analytical variability in lipid profile parameters on LDL-cholesterol estimation and cardiovascular risk stratification. Materials and Methods: A retrospective laboratory-based study was conducted using lipid profile data of adult patients. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C were analyzed. LDL-C was estimated using both direct measurement and the Friedewald formula. Allowable analytical variability was applied to lipid parameters, and changes in LDL-C values and cardiovascular risk categories were assessed. Results: Application of analytical variability resulted in significant fluctuations in calculated LDL-C levels. LDL-C derived using the Friedewald equation showed greater variability compared to direct LDL-C estimation. Analytical variation led to reclassification of a proportion of individuals from low and intermediate risk categories to high cardiovascular risk groups. Conclusion: Analytical variability in lipid profile parameters significantly affects LDL-cholesterol estimation and cardiovascular risk stratification. Awareness of such variability is essential for accurate clinical interpretation and appropriate therapeutic decision-making.

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LDL-cholesterol, lipid profile, analytical variability, cardiovascular risk, Friedewald equation

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are used in developing Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), which can create personalized and adaptable learning environments. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on AI-based ITS by conducting a systematic literature review of 78 peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2025. The articles were collected from multiple databases including Scopus, ERIC, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. The results of this analysis show that most contemporary ITS utilize a combination of a domain model, dynamic learner profile, and pedagogical decision engine. Furthermore, there appears to be strong evidence from studies indicating a statistically reliable improvement in student learning and engagement as a result of using tool-based systems (i.e., d = .35 - .62) in K-12 and university environments. Despite making some progress, there remain several longstanding difficulties with regard to artificial intelligence in education, such as algorithmic bias and issues of data privacy (especially in developing countries), limited infrastructure in low-resourced environments, and teacher resistance. The present study recommends the creation of a framework towards the context-sensitive development of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and advocates for the incorporation of explainable AI, ethical governance, and alignment with existing country-based educational policies like India's National Educational Policy (NEP) 2020. The findings also include recommendations for co-created teacher and AI partnerships as well as multilingual adaptations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems to improve equitable digital access to learning opportunities in developing nations.

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Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Artificial Intelligence in Education, Machine Learning, Adaptive Learning, Educational Equity, Learning Analytics, NEP 2020.

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This paper examines the strategic occupation of Khanderi Island by Shivaji Maharaj in 1679, highlighting the methods employed to secure the island amidst fierce maritime competition. By the 1660s, Shivaji had already established a formidable navy, transforming the regions of Kalyan and Bhiwandi into key dockyards, thereby securing a stronghold on the Konkan coast. These developments were crucial in realizing his vision of sovereignty over the sea. As Shivaji sought to consolidate his military and political control over the western coast, he encountered entrenched maritime powers, including the Siddis, Portuguese, English and Marathas, all vying for dominance. Among these, the Siddis, operating from the island fortress of Janjira, emerged as Shivaji's most persistent adversaries, holding significant sway over the Indian Ocean. This study delves into the dynamics of Shivaji's naval campaign against the Siddis, emphasizing the significance of Khanderi Island as a strategic outpost and exploring the broader implications of his maritime ambitions on regional power struggles in the 17th century.

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Khanderi, Maritime warfare, Coastal dominance, Shivaji's military tactics, Siddis

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Access to safe drinking water is a key public health issue in rural India, where persistent disparity in water access affects socio-economic development. The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 6 and aims to provide universal safe drinking water in rural areas through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) by 2024. This study presents a multidimensional analysis of JJM's effects on health, gender, governance, and socio-economic outcomes, with a focus on water-stressed regions, such as Gujarat. By reviewing peer-reviewed studies, government reports, and global datasets, the paper assesses JJM's progress and ongoing gaps. Key findings show that JJM increased rural tap coverage from 17% in 2019 to 80.88% by mid-2025, benefiting 15.66 crore households. This infrastructure expansion correlates with a potential 24% decline in diarrheal diseases, a 7.4% improvement in childhood nutritional outcomes, and a 10% reduction in women's water-fetching burdens (NFHS-5). Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain: 42-44% of Gujarat's groundwater exceeds WHO fluoride limits, 12% of households experience intermittent supply, and marginalized communities face ongoing access inequities. Community-led initiatives like Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) show promise but need additional resources and gender-sensitive training. The study recommends enhanced water quality surveillance in high-risk areas, intersectional policies to address caste- and gender-based disparities, capacity-building for VWSCs, and integration of JJM with health and sanitation programs. Long-term research is needed to evaluate JJM's sustained socio-economic and health impacts. These insights aim to guide policies that convert water access into equitable health improvements and empowerment.

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Jal Jeevan Mission, rural water access, gender equity, groundwater contamination, diarrhea, sustainable development

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Sports governance has emerged as a critical area of public policy due to its direct impact on talent development, institutional accountability, and international sporting performance. In India, despite increased public investment and policy attention, structural and governance-related challenges continue to affect the efficiency of sports administration. This study examines the framework of sports governance in India through an institutional analysis of policy implementation and outcomes. The paper is based entirely on secondary data collected from government policy documents, annual reports of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, reports of the Sports Authority of India, Comptroller and Auditor General audit reports, Parliamentary Standing Committee reports, and peer-reviewed academic literature. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the study evaluates the roles of key institutions, coordination mechanisms, and accountability structures in India's sports governance system. The findings indicate that while policy initiatives have strengthened infrastructure and athlete support mechanisms, issues such as bureaucratic dominance, weak monitoring, limited autonomy of sports bodies, and regional imbalance persist. The paper concludes by suggesting institutional reforms aimed at enhancing transparency, decentralisation, and outcome-oriented governance in Indian sports administration.

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Sports Governance, Public Policy, Sports Administration, Institutional Analysis, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition