Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Primary education forms the foundation of a child's cognitive, emotional, social, and moral development. It is at this crucial stage that children acquire basic literacy, numeracy, social skills, and learning habits that shape their future academic success and personal growth. However, primary school students face numerous challenges that can negatively affect their learning outcomes and overall development. These challenges arise from diverse sources, including socio-economic factors, school environment, teaching methods, psychological issues, health problems, family background, and technological influences. This paper explores the various challenges faced by primary school students, analyzes their causes and effects, and suggests possible strategies for addressing them. Understanding these challenges is essential for educators, parents, policymakers, and society at large to ensure that every child receives quality education and equal opportunities for growth.

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 Keywords

Primary education, learning challenges, students, school environment, child development

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This study assesses the current status of financial inclusion in the world's most populous countries, including India, using secondary data from the World Bank's Global FINDEX database on five key areas of financial inclusion namely banking services, sources of credit, social security coverage, avenues for savings and insurance penetration. It examines the current situation across India in this context, and also makes a gender-based comparison of the situation of women and men. In addition, the study also highlights the barriers to financial inclusion in India. The study finds that bank account ownership has increased significantly across the world, including India, for both men and women. However, on parameters of access to credit, social protection, savings behaviour and insurance penetration, significant progress has not been made. Among the Asian countries, Japan was found to be doing very well on all parameters, while Pakistan was found to be performing poorly. Furthermore, in each of the parameters of financial inclusion, the participation of women was lesser than that of men. However, the current ratio of women to men in bank account holding in India is higher, which shows the success of the efforts of the Government of India in this direction.

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 Keywords

Financial Inclusion, Dimensions of Financial Inclusion, Financial Inclusion Index

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Introduction: Unani system of medicine is an exquisite & holistic system of healthcare which, not only promises the complete cure of various ailments but also offers standard regimes for health promotion, disease prevention and rehabilitation. These regimens encompass various dietary recommendations, life style modifications and certain disease specific therapies. Although the treasure of ancient Unani medical writings suggests enough indications and therapies for meet most of the common ailments, yet to meet the emerging challenges in healthcare sector, new methods need to be explored and introduced into the Unani system to ensure efficient services. Therefore, this study the "Introducing Human Microbiome Modulation in Unani Medicine: The Need and the Methods of Intervention" was conducted in the PG department of Munafeul Aza, Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, AMU, Aligarh with the following aims and objectives: Objectives of the Study: 1. To compile various descriptions on Human Microbiome from authentic literary resources, 2. To review the need and the methods of Human Microbiome Modulation and 3. To propose the adoption of the methods of Human Microbiome Modulation in Unani therapeutics. Study design: Descriptive research study Procedure: review of various literary sources Manuscript, Books, Journals, Web, eBooks etc. on the topic available online and offline. The relevant information was compiled to draw inference and conclusion was presented. Conclusion: after thorough review of various manuscripts, books, papers and journals it can be concluded that the concept of Human Microbiome Modulation holds important place in healthcare practices. This method can easily be adopted by Unani Scholars for holistic healthcare of the patients. The details are discussed below.

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 Keywords

Unani Medicine, Holism, Human Microbiome Modulation, prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbial transplantation (FMT)

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This study empirically examines the impact of role stressors and work-life dynamics on job performance among female nurses in private hospitals. Drawing upon role theory and work-life balance frameworks, the research investigates how role stressors influence inter-role conflict, well-being, and job performance, while assessing the mediating function of work-life balance and the moderating effect of workplace support. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from female nursing professionals and analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that role stressors significantly increase inter-role conflict, which negatively affects well-being and, in turn, reduces job performance. The association between well-being and performance outcomes is mediated by work-life balance, which shows up as a substantial positive predictor of job performance. Nevertheless, the association between role stressors and inter-role conflict is not substantially mitigated by workplace assistance. The study highlights the importance of fostering supportive workplace policies and promoting healthy work-life practices to enhance nurse performance and well-being.

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Role Stressors, Inter-role Conflict, Work-life Balance, Workplace Support, Job Performance, Female Nurses

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Background: The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme has emerged as the world's largest microfinance intervention, aiming to transform rural women from passive beneficiaries into active economic agents. While the program has achieved massive scale-linking over 14 million groups to the formal banking sector-the assumption that financial access automatically translates into holistic empowerment remains contested. Objectives: This critical review evaluates the efficacy of SHGs through the lens of Naila Kabeer's "Resources-Agency-Achievements" framework. It aims to dismantle the "one-size-fits-all" narrative by contrasting the high-impact outcomes observed in Southern India with the structural challenges faced in agrarian belts like Maharashtra. Methodology: A critical analysis of secondary literature from 1999 to 2025 was conducted, synthesizing empirical data from NABARD reports, state-level studies, and peer-reviewed journals. The review categorized findings into economic impact, social agency, and institutional dynamics to identify conceptual and regional gaps. Key Findings: The synthesis reveals a "consumption trap" in regions like Maharashtra, where loans are frequently diverted for survival rather than enterprise, unlike the capital accumulation models seen in Kerala. Furthermore, a significant "agency gap" exists; while women gain mobility, deep-seated patriarchal norms often prevent them from exercising decision-making power within the household. The review identifies a critical paucity of research in the Wardha District, where agrarian distress and specific caste hierarchies moderate SHG success. Conclusion: The review concludes that economic metrics alone are insufficient to measure true empowerment. It underscores the urgent need for localized, mixed-methods research in under-represented districts like Wardha to understand the specific socio-cultural moderators of SHG performance.

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Self-help groups, Rural Empowerment, Microfinance, Social Agency, Wardha District, Kabeer's Framework.

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BSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, debilitating disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, with the proliferation of the synovium and the progressive erosion of cartilage and bone. The treatment of RA is still unsatisfactory, but a number of powerful disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have become available, such as methotrexate (MTX). RA results from the body's own immune system attacking its own tissues. Currently, there are various treatments available for RA including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and NSAIDs. Leflunomide (LEF) is a USFDA-approved synthetic DMARD which is being widely prescribed for the management of RA; however, it faces several challenges such as prolonged drug elimination, hepatotoxicity, and others. The step down approach has been proposed for the treatment of patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis who have clinical features predictive of an adverse prognosis. More efficient 'targeting' of drugs at the site of desired action should help to minimize the adverse effects of therapy. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment provides diverse anti-inflammatory benefits in rodent models of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

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 Keywords

Methotrexate, RheumatoidArthritis, Anti-Rheumatic Agents, Drug Therapy, Clinical Protocols, Leflunomide; Drug Delivery; Formulation; DMARDs; Glucocorticoids; NSAIDs; Drug Deliver.

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This research paper examines the effectiveness and functionality of industrial relations (IR) strategies within the public sector industries of Bihar, with a particular focus on case studies from the Muzaffarpur Thermal Power Station (M.T.P.S.) and the Barh Thermal Power Station (B.T.P.S.). By analyzing these specific units, the study aims to provide insights into the dynamics of labor relations, employee engagement, and the overall impact of IR measures on productivity and workplace harmony. The effectiveness of key measures such as collective bargaining, employee involvement in management, grievance resolution, and industrial safety has been thoroughly assessed. The analysis highlights several significant obstacles, including the prevalence of multiple unions, political interference, wage inequalities, and resistance to technological advancements. These challenges contribute to subpar performance and heightened industrial unrest. The findings are expected to shed light on the challenges and successes faced by these thermal power stations, offering a comprehensive understanding of how industrial relations practices can influence operational efficiency and employee satisfaction in the context of Bihar's public sector. Through this detailed exploration, the paper seeks to contribute to the broader discourse on industrial relations in India, highlighting the unique circumstances and outcomes observed in these key industrial facilities. Recent policy initiatives, exemplified by the Industrial Relation (Bihar) Rules of 2025, indicate a potential pathway for reform; however, longstanding issues continue to undermine both industrial harmony and overall productivity.

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 Keywords

Industrial relations (IR), Public Sector Industries, Bihar, Muzaffarpur Thermal Power Station (M.T.P.S.), Barh Thermal Power Station (B.T.P.S.), Political interference, Wage inequalities, Technological advancements.

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This research paper dives deep into the world of industrial relations in India since 1991, focusing on the major shifts that have come with economic liberalization. By weaving together insights from academic articles, policy assessments, and real-world research, the study sheds light on how labor-management dynamics have evolved, the changing role of trade unions, trends in industrial disputes, and the effects of new laws. The results show a clear transition from a system heavily influenced by state control to one that is increasingly shaped by market forces. This shift has led to a weakening of union power, a growth in informal jobs, and a move towards decentralized bargaining. While the Indian economy has seen impressive growth during this time, ongoing challenges like job insecurity and a rise in lockouts underscore the urgent need for reforms that balance economic progress with the need for industrial harmony.

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Industrial relation, Industrial disputes, Industrial harmony, Economic progress, Job insecurity.

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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a central role in strengthening regional economies by generating employment, encouraging entrepreneurship, and supporting inclusive growth. In Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand, MSMEs supplement agriculture, forest-based livelihoods, and mineral-linked activities by creating local value addition and alternative income opportunities. This study analyses the structure, sectoral composition, and economic contribution of MSMEs in the district, with particular reference to policy support mechanisms and institutional challenges. Based on secondary data from district industrial profiles, Udyam/Udyog Aadhaar registrations, and planning documents, the study applies descriptive analysis to identify patterns and constraints. The findings reveal a predominance of micro enterprises engaged in agro-processing, forest-based activities, metal fabrication, and services. Persistent challenges such as limited access to finance, technology gaps, and infrastructure constraints are highlighted, and policy measures are suggested to enhance the long-term growth of MSMEs in Hazaribagh.

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 Keywords

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; District-Level Development; MSME Policy; Rural Industrialisation; Inclusive Growth

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Social media plays a crucial role in acquiring, debating, enriching and preserving knowledge, traditions and relationship among disciplines, communities and the countries. It is not only most cost effective but also the simplest and most useful method of communication. Media helps the students to acquire new and updated information frequently over time. It is a known fact that Television has lost its importance, the print media like book, novels, newspapers etc have become completely sidelined. Social media has become indispensable among youths and particularly among students after Covid 19. Being a warden of the university Post graduate campus hostel, I have interviewed 116 students with the help of semis structured questionnaires related to the objective of causes and consequences of social medias on students. In my observation I have found out that only a few are using social media with purpose and limitation, majority of the students irrespective sex, class and age have been addicted to social media, killing their valuable time, money and energy. Addiction social media not only affectsor spoil their social life and also affect their mental and physical health. Meanwhile sociologists also say that too much use of social media not only spoils once quality of life, achievements or academic performances, it also spoils the quality of social life in family, community. Those who are addicted to mobile phones are suffering from untold problems like Insomnia (lack of sleeping) Gastro paresis, lack of concentration and so on. Due to these problems majority of the students who are in post-graduation hostel find difficulties in concentrating on class teaching, sitting and reading for more hours, remembering lessons etc. Post graduation, the class strength is usually less and the classes are expected to be engaged in an interactive manner. Therefore, when a student finds a problem in following the lecture or understanding the subject, he or she will find tension or stress at the time of exams. Additionally, the student will find difficulties in clear state or national eligibility examinations, without which attaining a job is difficult.

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Internet, Wi-Fi, Mangalore University, Electronic Gadgets, Hostel, Students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition