Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The growing reliance of Indian Railways on outsourced service providers for onboard passenger amenities has resulted in the large-scale engagement of unorganised contract workers. This study analyses the socio-economic status, employment conditions, wage mechanisms, working hours, and compliance with labour legislation of unorganised contract workers deployed on Mail and Express trains operating along the Kokrajhar-Lumding route under the Northeast Frontier Railway. A total of fifty workers were studied, comprising Food Supply Bearers (including Pantry Car workers) and Linen Supply Workers responsible for coach linen services. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and direct field observation, focusing on income patterns, job security, exploitative practices, and the extent of institutional monitoring. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis, chi-square tests, point-biserial correlation, and one-sample t-tests reveal widespread exploitation across both occupational categories. The findings point to inadequate social security coverage, irregular wage systems, excessive duty hours, and weak enforcement of labour regulations. The study highlights the urgent need for strengthened labour governance and institutional accountability within outsourced railway services.

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 Keywords

Unorganised workers, Contract labour, Food Supply Bearers, Linen Supply Workers, Indian Railways, Labour law compliance, Socio-economic vulnerability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted economic and social activities across the global economy, with micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) experiencing disproportionate adverse impacts in India. This study examines the contribution of MSMEs to the Indian economy and analyses the structural challenges faced by the sector during the pre-COVID and COVID-19 periods, with special emphasis on the role of digital inclusion. Using secondary data, the study employs descriptive statistics to assess sectoral performance and applies correlation and Johansen's co-integration techniques to examine the long-run relationship among key variables, namely the number of MSMEs, investment, employment, and output. The findings reveal that COVID-19 constituted an exceptional shock to the MSME sector, significantly affecting production capacity, employment generation, and revenue flows. The correlation results indicate a strong and statistically significant positive association among all selected variables, while the co-integration analysis confirms the existence of a stable long-run equilibrium relationship. The study further highlights that limited digital inclusion--reflected in inadequate access to digital finance, e-market platforms, and digital infrastructure--intensified the vulnerability of MSMEs during the crisis. Strengthening digital inclusion through enhanced e-market linkages, digital financial access, and supportive fiscal stimulus is therefore crucial for improving resilience, accelerating recovery, and ensuring sustainable growth of MSMEs in the post-pandemic period.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital finance, e-market platforms, and digital infrastructure

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Concept mapping, Positive effect, Academic achievement, STEM, Meta Analysis, Student performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Kashmir issue stands as one of the most complex and enduring conflicts in South Asia, shaping the political, diplomatic, and security dynamics between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. Born out of the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir has remained a core issue influencing bilateral relations, regional stability, and international diplomacy. Both nations claim the region in full but control it in parts, leading to repeated wars, military standoffs, and ongoing tensions across the Line of Control (LoC). The conflict is not merely territorial; it is deeply intertwined with questions of national identity, religious sentiment, and geopolitical interests. Over the decades, the Kashmir issue has hindered the normalization of India-Pakistan relations, obstructed regional cooperation, and contributed to a persistent atmosphere of mistrust and hostility. Despite numerous attempts at dialogue, mediation, and confidence-building measures, the problem continues to cast a shadow over peace prospects in South Asia. Understanding the Kashmir issue is therefore essential to comprehend the broader nature of India-Pakistan relations, as it remains both a cause and a consequence of their mutual antagonism. The historical roots, political developments, and human dimensions of this dispute collectively reveal how a territorial question evolved into one of the most significant and sensitive challenges in contemporary international relations.

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 Keywords

Kashmir Conflict , Line of Control (LoC), Wars and Militancy , Diplomacy and Resolution

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Technique to improve the power Factor and harmonics reduction of Brushless DC motor by Power Factor Improvement converter serve an crucial role in the energy conservation, saving and quality improvisation during power transformation. In BLDC motor the AC-DC transition of electrical power is generally required, while this conversion from AC main to DC power. In this Paper DC- DC converter such as Boost converter used as a single stage power factor improvement converter for a BLDC motor fed through a front end uncontrolled rectifier from a single-phase AC mains. The DC-DC converter, here Boost converter shows conformation to power quality international standards with improved performance of BLDC Motor.

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 Keywords

Brushless DC motor, Boost Converter, Voltage Source Inverter, PFC

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This article examines Githa Hariharan's The Thousand Faces of Night using the framework of feministic introspection. Githa Hariharan, Indian woman writer who has been producing a volume of Indian literature that is committed to feminist and social issues and explores the inner world of the woman who strives towards self-realization. Githa Hariharan's very first novel The Thousand Faces of Night has voiced feminism clearly and attempts to present the reality of the women of today's generation and she reveals the eternal struggle for women's rights and their quest for self-identity in the patriarchal society with three women characters in this novel and they represent the lives of Thousand women in the system of marriage, myth,traditions and loneliness in the lives of married Indian women.By these characters Githa Hariharan explores their striving towards self-realization. This paper focused on illustrating how the female characters in the novel engage in feministic introspection to surpass the constraints imposed by traditional myths, which have historically oppressed and caused them suffering.

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Marriage, Oppression, Patriarchy, Self-realization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the ideal case the connection of the strut member is concentric at the shear centre of the column's web ,While in some construction cases, the connection between strut members of a vertical bracing system and the web of a steel column is made eccentrically, which introduces additional instability. The AISC 360 2022 specifications address this condition by providing equations to calculate the critical buckling stress associated with Constrained Axis Torsional Buckling (CATB). This phenomenon arises due to the eccentricity of lateral bracing from the shear center of the section and leads to a significant reduction in the axial capacity of columns, with losses reaching up to 40% in certain cases. This research focuses on improving the axial capacity of steel columns by studying double sided batten plate configurations applied to the standard IPE profile. The primary objective is to examine the behavior of battened I section columns with eccentric Lateral bracing, analyze their failure modes, and the enhancement in axial strength achieved using batten plates.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Constrained-Axis-Torsional Buckling (CATB), Finite element analysis, Eccentric bracing, Batten Plates, I-section columns, Lateral Bracing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of different aspects of the gig economy by synthesizing and reviewing available studies conducted on various dimensions of the gig economy, such as HR practices in these new work arrangements, risk and reward associated with the gig economy, and strategic reform at workplaces where a mixed structure of workforce is adopted. The study is based on secondary data analysis collected from various e-databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Web of Science. The study's findings suggest that traditional HR practices must be reshaped to align with the current trend of gig work arrangements, harnessing opportunities and navigating the challenges associated with the gig economy. The study has a major limitation in that it relies solely on secondary data. Findings of the study make some managerial suggestions for dealing with the current trend of gig work by rethinking HR practices and making them relevant for all workforces.

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Keywords- Gig economy, platform economy, HR practices

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract This review explores the multifaceted challenges faced by single women in both global and Indian contexts. Despite advancements in education and employment, societal norms, gender biases, and economic disparities continue to restrict women's independence. The paper examines the social, psychological, and professional struggles faced by single women, while also discussing coping mechanisms and emerging empowerment trends

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Key Words: Despite, Disparities, Multifaceted

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of an herbal tooth drop prepared using Tridax procumbens, a medicinal herb widely known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Oral health plays a vital role in maintaining overall well-being, and herbal formulations are gaining attention as safer and more effective alternatives to synthetic dental care products. In this study, Tridax procumbens was explored for its phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential in treating common oral problems such as toothache, gum infections, and bad breath. The herbal tooth drop combines the therapeutic benefits of Tridax procumbens with eugenol, enhancing its antiseptic and analgesic activity. Evaluation parameters such as pH, organoleptic properties, and stability confirmed the product's effectiveness and safety. The review concludes that herbal dental drops represent a promising natural approach to maintaining oral hygiene and preventing dental diseases without harmful side effects

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Dental drop from TRIDEX PROCUMBENS

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition