Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Metro rail systems are vital for enhancing urban mobility, reducing congestion, and supporting sustainable development. However, many metro projects experience significant delays, leading to budget escalations, resource inefficiencies, and declining public confidence. This study examines the major contributors to delays in metro construction projects, focusing on challenges related to planning, contracts, execution, and regulatory approvals. A mixed-method research design--combining literature review, expert consultations, and survey responses--was used to identify and categorize delay factors, including land acquisition hurdles, design revisions, weak risk management, financial issues, and coordination gaps among stakeholders. Statistical tools were applied to rank these factors based on their impact on project timelines. The findings highlight the need for improved governance mechanisms, faster approval processes, use of advanced construction technologies, and stronger stakeholder coordination. This study provides practical recommendations to help project managers and policymakers reduce delays and improve metro project performance.

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 Keywords

Component, Metro Rail Projects, Construction Delay, Cost Overruns, Project Management, Risk Assessment, Stakeholder Coordination, Urban Infrastructure, Delay Factors, Project Governance, Sustainable Transportation.

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Sleep (Nidra) is one of the foundational pillars supporting life in Ayurveda, classified under Tri-Upastambha along with diet (Ahara) and regulated conduct (Brahmacharya). In the present era, sleep disturbance has become a global health concern due to lifestyle changes, increased stress, and digital dependence. This literature study explores the classical Ayurvedic perspective on Nidra, its physiological and psychological role in health maintenance, and its relevance to modern lifestyle challenges. A comparative view bridging Ayurvedic principles with contemporary sleep science is provided, emphasizing the preventive and therapeutic implications of Nidra within the framework of Tri-Upastambha.

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Nidra, Tri upsthambha. Sleep.

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The enactment of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand in February 2024 marks a groundbreaking legal reform in the socio-legal fabric of modern India. The legislation aims to replace religious personal laws with a secular framework governing areas such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and live-in relationships, and it applies to all citizens, regardless of religious background. While it was hailed by many as a significant move toward gender justice and legal equality, it also faced criticism for its potential to infringe upon religious freedoms. This paper examines the legal reforms, assesses the societal impact, and discusses the future implications of the UCC, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. It explores how the UCC can serve as a model for other states, its impact on gender equality, and the challenges of implementation.

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Uniform Civil Code (UCC); Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code Act, 2024; Personal Laws in India; Gender Justice; Constitution of India; Article 44; Religious Freedom; Article 25; Family Law Reform; Marriage and Divorce Law; Inheritance and Succession; Live-in Relationships; Polygamy Prohibition; Constitutional Validity; Judicial Interpretation; Federalism and Concurrent List; State-Level Legal Reform; Societal Impact of UCC; Privacy and Individual Autonomy; Future of Uniform Civil Legislation.

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Abstract-- According to the Ayurvedic system of Tridosha, based on the concepts of motion, transformation, and maintaining a stable form, the body can be divided into three components: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Though these concepts had a metaphysical dimension in the past, the emerging field of systems biology lends these concepts a scientific expression. This article explores the physiological explanations related to Tridosha: Vata regulates ion channels, cell movement, and signal flow in cells; Pitta regulates enzymatic reactions and energy production in the body through the mitochondria and metabolic functions; Kapha regulates the provision of immunity to the body through the maintenance of the extracellular matrix. This article emphasizes that Tridosha comprises the essential universal regulatory theme of maintaining the body's homeostasis. It combines traditional explanations of Tridosha with the breakthroughs associated with genomics and proteomics research related to the genotypes Prakriti-CYP2C19-EGLN1. Merging these insights with the traditional medical understanding will deliver personalized, predictive healthcare programs.

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Tridosha, Vata Kinetics, Pitta Metabolism, Kapha Structural Integrity, Ayurgenomics, Systems Biology, Homeostasis

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Introduction: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common and distressing complication in the post-operative period. It increases patient discomfort, prolongs post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, raises the risk of postoperative complications and readmission, and adds to healthcare costs. Ondansetron and dexamethasone are widely used for PONV prophylaxis. Methods: This prospective study included 60 patients aged 20-65 years, weighing 55-70 kg, with ASA physical status I or II, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=30 each). Group I received ondansetron 4 mg IV, while Group II received ondansetron 4 mg IV plus dexamethasone 4 mg IV. Study drugs were administered intravenously 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Results: In Group II, no patient experienced PONV during the first two postoperative hours, and only one patient reported nausea and vomiting by the end of postoperative day 0. In contrast, Group I had four patients with PONV within the first two hours and ten patients by the end of postoperative day 0.

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Keywords: PONV, Ondansetron, Dexamethasone

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Psychological assessment scales play a vital role in the accurate identification, diagnosis, and treatment planning of psychological disorders. Standardized assessment tools provide objective measurement of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning, thereby enhancing clinical decision-making. The present study aims to explore the practical application and clinical utility of psychological assessment scales through a case study approach. Three clinical case studies were examined to demonstrate the use of commonly employed assessment tools, including the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Each case involved comprehensive clinical interviews followed by the administration of appropriate assessment scales to evaluate symptom severity, diagnostic clarity, and treatment progress. The findings highlight how psychological assessment scales contribute to accurate diagnosis, individualized intervention planning, and outcome evaluation. The case studies also illustrate the role of repeated assessment in monitoring therapeutic effectiveness and guiding clinical modifications. The study underscores the importance of integrating standardized assessment tools with clinical judgment to enhance reliability and validity in psychological practice. Overall, the findings support the effectiveness of psychological assessment scales as essential components of evidence-based mental health care, particularly within clinical and counseling settings in the Indian context.

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Psychological assessment, case studies, standardized scales, clinical evaluation, mental health

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Kashi (Varanasi) and its principal shrine, the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, occupy a singular place in the religious imagination of South Asia. As one of the twelve jyotirlinga shrines of Lord Shiva, Kashi is framed in scripture and practice as a locus of moksha (liberation). Over the centuries the temple has been repeatedly destroyed, relocated, rebuilt, and re-imagined--each cycle reshaping pilgrimage forms and meanings. This article traces the temple's trajectory into modern India, focusing on continuity and change in ritual practice, institutional management, urban infrastructure, and socio-political contestation. It argues that the contemporary pilgrimage to Kashi is best understood as an evolving assemblage: ancient sacral narratives and daily rites intermesh with state-led redevelopment, heritage narratives, tourism economies, and contested memory politics. The Kashi Vishwanath Corridor and recent visitor growth illustrate how material interventions and political projects have intensified pilgrimage flows while also generating new tensions around access, heritage, and plural social claims

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Kashi Vishwanath, Sacred, Pilgrimage , Ganga, Jyotirlinga, Worship, Moksha, Ritual, Darshan, Transformations, Tourism, Maha Shivaratri, SKVTC, Economy, Heritage, COVID-19

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An intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental condition that develops in childhood. It affects capacity to learn and retain new information, and it also affects daily living activities such as fundamental self-care tasks and social skills. Depending on the severity of the intellectual disability, children tend to be dependent on their parents. Overdependence of the child may reduce psychological wellbeing of parents. Psychological wellbeing is the positive mental states such as happiness or satisfaction of parents. The prevalence of intellectual disability in India estimated to be around 1.8 to 2%. A child is most special in a family because they bring happiness and energy within the family. In a family when a child first diagnosed as intellectual disabled, parents experience lot of negative emotions like stress anxiety, depression and also fear about the future of the child. Financial problem and lack of social support has impact on their mental wellbeing. The objective of the review is to explore psychological wellbeing of parents with intellectual disability and associated demographic factors. Systematic literature scrutiny was performed by using the key search words intellectually disabled children, parents and psychological wellbeing in the electronic databases such as Research gate, Academia, Google Scholar. Several descriptive studies were conducted on this area and it has been observed that parents of intellectually disabled children had a high prevalence of psychological illness than the parents of normal children. Most of the parents did not have good mental health due to their multiple responsibilities. They faced problems and perceived considerable stress as their whole life style get affected including their mental health and psychological wellbeing. They had a higher prevalence of psychological morbidity than the parents of normal children. The commonest psychiatric disorders among parents were dysthymia followed by generalized anxiety disorder, stress, moderate depression, feeling of guilt, shame, helplessness. This review helps to know psychological condition of parents. On the basis of review findings, in future interventional research can be conducted on psycho education, relaxation technique, coping strategy for improving psychological wellbeing of parents.

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Psychological wellbeing, Intellectually Disable Children, Parents

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ahara, Ahara Vidhi Vidhana, Lifestyle disorders

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