Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Dairy farming has emerged as a vital livelihood strategy in rural India by ensuring regular income and continuous employment, particularly for small and marginal farmers. This study examines the impact of milk production on household income and employment generation in Thagachagere village of Channapatna Taluk, Karnataka. Primary data were collected from 50 randomly selected milk producers affiliated with the local milk cooperative under the Bangalore Milk Cooperative Union Limited (BAMUL). The study employs descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing to analyse socio-economic characteristics, milk production levels, income patterns, and employment effects. The findings reveal that milk production significantly contributes to income stability, reduces seasonal unemployment, and enhances women's participation in economic activities. Cooperative membership plays a crucial role in improving access to veterinary services, institutional credit, and assured markets. The study concludes that dairy farming, supported by cooperative institutions, serves as an effective instrument for inclusive rural development and recommends strengthening extension services, technological adoption, and credit access.

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 Keywords

Dairy farming, Milk production, Rural income, Employment generation, Cooperative societies, Karnataka

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sports literature serves as a powerful medium to explore the intersections of competition, community and human emotion. It offering deep insight into how sports mirror the structures and values of society. It transcends the boundaries of mere athletic performance to explore the deeper psychological, moral and social dimensions of human experience. Within this field, Fredrik Backman's Beartown Trilogy, the novels like Beartown (2016), Us Against You (2017) and The Winners (2022) presents a compelling narrative where the game of ice hockey becomes the lifeblood of a small Scandinavian town. The global rise of sports has moved from simple depictions of athletic achievement to sophisticated explorations of psychological depth, ethical complexity and social commentary. This change emphasizes how important sports is as a symbol of identity, power and social connection. The primary aim of this paper is to examine how ice hockey functions as a metaphor for personal identity formation in Backman's trilogy. It seeks to uncover how individual psychological growth interacts through the lens of sports, that revealing the dual nature of inner conflict. The adolescent players in Beartown face immense pressure to define themselves through the sport, making ice hockey a central site of identity formation. The research article employs Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, particularly the stage of Identity versus Role Diffusion to interpret psychological development. It argues that ice hockey in Beartown symbolizes far more than recreation. It becomes a structure that shapes identity, morality and endurance. Also, this article demonstrates how sports serve as a profound metaphor for individual transformation.

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 Keywords

Sports Literature, Ice Hockey, Identity, Power, Social Connection, Adolescent, Role Diffusion, Psychosocial and Morality.

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Abstract This article examines Julie Murphy's Dumplin' as a feminist young adult text that challenges dominant beauty norms through themes of body image, femininity, fat identity, and community. Drawing on Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity, feminist pedagogy, and fat studies, the chapter argues that femininity in the novel is not inherent but socially learned and repeatedly performed through visible practices such as fashion, dieting, posture, and public display. The analysis further explores how family relationships, friendships, romantic desire, and collective participation in the beauty pageant reshape traditional narratives of shame and exclusion. By presenting fatness as both identity and community, Dumplin' offers a critical perspective on body positivity that emphasises social support over individual confidence. The article concludes that the novel serves as an effective feminist classroom text, encouraging young readers to question normative beauty standards and envision more inclusive forms of embodiment.

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Key words: gender performativity, femininity, pedagogy, fat, beauty.

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Biodiversity loss has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, threatening ecological stability, human well-being, and the resilience of natural systems. Unlike previous extinction events driven by natural processes, contemporary biodiversity loss is predominantly anthropogenic, rooted in patterns of development, consumption, and governance. This paper examines biodiversity loss as a multidimensional crisis encompassing ecological, social, economic, and ethical dimensions. It critically evaluates existing conservation strategies and argues for an integrated approach that combines scientific knowledge, policy intervention, community participation, and ethical responsibility. The study emphasizes that biodiversity conservation is not merely an environmental objective but a prerequisite for sustainable and equitable development.

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Biodiversity Loss and Conservation: Ecological Crisis, Ethical Responsibility, and Pathways for Sustainable Futures

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Mutrakrichra is a Mutravaha Srotovikara described in Ayurveda, characterized by difficulty and discomfort during micturition. Among its types, Pittaja Mutrakrichra presents with features such as Sadaha, Krichramutrata, Muhurmuhurmutrapravruthi, Saruja, and Sapeetha Mutra, closely resembling lower urinary tract infection described in modern medicine. This review analyzes the concept of Pittaja Mutrakrichra and correlates it with lower urinary tract infection. Relevant data were collected from classical Ayurvedic texts, contemporary medical literature, research articles, and authenticated online sources. Comparative analysis based on etiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and disease course revealed a significant correlation between Pittaja Mutrakrichra and lower urinary tract infection. Pitta-prakopaka factors lead to alterations in urine characteristics and irritation of the Mutravaha Srotas, producing symptoms analogous to urinary tract infection. The study highlights the relevance of Ayurvedic principles in understanding urinary tract infection and supports their application in integrative preventive and therapeutic approaches.

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Pittaja Mutrakrichra, Mutrakrichra, Urinary Tract Infection, Mutravaha Srotas

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Abstract: Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the backward areas of West Bengal. This district is economically very poor and also deprived of the industrial development. It constitutes the maximum number of villages or rural areas where a large number of people are below the poverty line. So, migrant labourers play important role in the economic development in their families or society. Many rural areas of West Bengal suffer from low-income and people leave their places in search of better livelihood. Poor living conditions, lack of sanitation facilities etc. are responsible for making the lives of the migrants vulnerable. Proper elementary education rate of these labourers is very low, automatically their representation in higher education is also very poor. Obviously, migrant workers face many problems in their workplace. They face different kinds of harassment in the workplace. This situation exists even though there are many statutory provisions for their welfare under central and state laws. So, the present study deals with the various aspects of socio-economic conditions of migrant labourers of Uttar Dinajpur district.

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Key Words: Migration, Rural Areas, Socio-Economic Condition, Uttar Dinajpur District.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women officers in the Indian Armed Forces have historically served under the Short Service Commission (SSC) with restricted career mobility, limited command appointments, and a lack of long-term security compared to their male counterparts. This paper highlights the career challenges faced by SSC women officers through an analysis of existing policies, judicial interventions, government notifications, and secondary literature. The study highlights systemic barriers related to promotion pathways, training opportunities, institutional culture, and career insecurity. Judicial interventions especially the landmark 2020 Supreme Court judgement on Permanent Commission which represent a pivotal shift but challenges persist in implementation.

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SSC Women Officers, Permanent Commission, Gender in Armed Forces, Career Challenges, Judicial Review, Indian Military Policy

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Binary representation and combinatorial analysis are fundamental to modern mathematics, computer science, and engineering. These concepts are generally regarded as products of relatively recent intellectual history. However, ancient Indian scholarship demonstrates that systematic binary thinking and combinatorial methods were developed much earlier. Pingala, an ancient Indian prosodist, introduced a structured framework for binary enumeration through the analysis of Sanskrit poetic metres. By classifying syllables into Laghu (short) and Guru (long), Pingala devised a complete binary system along with procedures for generation, counting, ranking, unranking, classification, and spatial estimation.This paper presents a comprehensive and detailed study of Pingala's binary methods--Prast?ra, Sa?khy?, Na??a, and Uddi??a--along with illustrative examples, conceptual interpretation, and applications in modern science and engineering, highlighting their significance as early foundations of discrete mathematics.

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Binary Numbers, Combinatorics, Sanskrit Prosody, Laghu-Guru, Var?ameru

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sthoulya; Medoroga; Lekhana Karma; Apatarpana Chikitsa; Triphaladya Taila; Dashmooladi Madhutailika Basti;Pippalyadi anuvasana tail.

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From being only book repositories, libraries have developed into vibrant hubs that support literacy, community development, information access, and creativity. With a focus on educational outcomes, social inclusion, digital empowerment, and lifelong learning, this article explores the diverse role that libraries play in promoting human development. The study shows that libraries provide a significant contribution to both individual skills and collective socioeconomic advancement, using data from global library initiatives, case studies, and academic literature.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Libraries, human development, information access, literacy, digital inclusion, community development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition