Volume 12 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

A financial plan is something thatcreate after considering individual current income, savings, expenses, future earnings, insurance if any, financial goals and a vision of future existence. then try to choose savings and investment selections appropriately to enable to fulfill long-term and short-term financial objectives at different life phases. Tax savings need careful preparation of finances. It is essential for a person since it helps in keeping stability percentage of savings, especially in times when the financial markets are being continually balanced between uncertainty and inflation. A crucial component of financial planning is tax planning. Effective by using tax planning, can lower our taxable income to the at most.

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Financial Planning, Salaried Employees, Tax Savings, IT Companies

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In the realm of structural engineering, the analysis and design of box girder superstructures for both highway and railway bridges stand as a global endeavour. Various countries, responding to the unique challenges posed by their natural surroundings, have formulated their own sets of codes, accounting for factors such as seismic activity, extreme weather conditions, topography, and vehicular diversity. In the context of India, bridge engineers turn to the standards outlined by the Indian Road Congress (IRC), specifically IRC: 112-2011, as their guiding light. This study delves into the realm of box girders, focusing on two distinct cross-sectional configurations. The contemporary landscape of bridge construction has magnified the significance of these box girder bridges, especially within modern highway systems and urban interchanges. Their appeal lies in their structural efficiency, serviceability, stability, aesthetic appeal, and cost-effectiveness. Box girders achieve the remarkable feat of minimizing weight while optimizing flexural strength, making them an exemplary choice for bridge construction.

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Keywords: Prestressed Concrete, Box Girder, IRC Loading, Superstructur

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Since the purpose of orthodontic therapy is to improve facial and dental aesthetic appearance, decalcification of enamel, which manifests as white spot lesions (WSLs), surrounding fixed orthodontic appliances is a significant issue both during and after fixed orthodontic treatment. Because the areas around orthodontic attachments are harder to clean and more likely to accumulate plaque, it raises the chance of developing white spot lesions. Therefore, applying suitable methods for preventing these lesions during orthodontic treatment and performing appropriate therapies after orthodontic treatment is important for obtaining favorable results and patient satisfaction. Oral hygiene motivation, usage of topical fluoride agents, casein phosphopeptide-more calcium phosphate agents, antimicrobial agents, tooth bleaching, microabrasion, and resin infiltration are current techniques that clinicians can use for the prevention and treatment of white enamel lesions. This review article's goal is to investigate the causes, prevalence, and classification of white spot lesions through preventative and therapeutic measures to manage enamel demineralization.

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White Spot Lesions (WSL), Decalcification of enamel, Fixed Orthodontic treatment, Demineralization

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION "Schizophrenia cannot be understood without understanding despair."1 R. D. Laing Schizophrenia is one of the maximum debilitating psychiatric issues global. Caring for sufferers with schizophrenia is a extensive burden on the households and caregivers. Recent advancements in biological remedies reduce the want for long-term hospitalization, and consequently, the function of the patients' households is dominant inside the treatment method. Hence, the associated troubles are skilled more within the family surroundings, which affect their each day lifestyles. Accordingly, interventions consisting of affected person and own family schooling and social work supports, with the intention of enhancing the sufferers feature and also assisting the families to appropriately cope with the sufferers' troubles have won extra interest. 3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Verma PK and Walia TS,(2019). Schizophrenia is a devastating and chronic mental illness. Considering the nature of illness along with routine psychiatric care, various supportive therapies are recommended. Family psychoeducational approach has been developed to increase patient's as well as their caregiver's knowledge and insight will enable people with schizophrenia and their caregivers to cope in a more effective way with the consequences of their illness, thereby improving prognosis.5 Innamuri R, Palani K (2019) Several studies have documented poor knowledge of schizophrenia among caregivers and its negative influence on clinical outcomes such as treatment response and prognosis. The benefits of group psychoeducation of caregivers of patients suffering from schizophrenia have been well established. However, very few studies have explored the effectiveness of the group psychoeducation program in the Indian setting.6 Problem statement "A study to assess the effectiveness of psychoeducation programme on knowledge of Schizophrenia among caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia in tertiary care hospital of the city." The objectives of the study are: 1) To assess the knowledge of Schizophrenia among caregivers of patients With Schizophrenia in tertiary care hospital of city". 2) To assess effectiveness of psychoeducation programme on knowledge of Schizophrenia among caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia in tertiaryCare hospital of city". 3) To find the association between study findings with selected demographic variables. HYPOTHESIS H0: There is no significant effect of psychoeducation programme on knowledge of Schizophrenia among the caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia in tertiary care hospital of the city". (p=0.05) H1: There is significant effect of psychoeducation programme on knowledge of Schizophrenia among the caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia in tertiary care hospital of the city." (p=0.05) METHODOLOGY An evaluative research approach with pre experimental one group pre-test post-test study design was used for the study. Conceptual framework for the study was based on General System Theory by Ludwing Von Bertalanffy (1968). Total 90 caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia were selected as sample for the study by using non-probability convenient sampling method. The data was collected by using self-structured knowledge questionnaires. The psychoeducation programme was administered on the day1 followed the pre-test. On the 7th day of feasibility post test was conducted to assess the gain in knowledge using the self-structured knowledge questionnaire. RESULT OF THE STUDY Findings revealed that highest percentage 32.20% (29) of the sample are age between 51 to 60 year, majority 53.30% (48) of caregivers were female, majority 45.60% (41) had completed primary education, 81.10%(73) from Hindu religion, majority of caregivers 51.10%(46) income was less than 10,000, 82.20%(74) from nuclear family,68.90%(62) living in urban area,87.80%(79) had length of stay with patient is more than two years,80.00%(72) no history of psychiatric illness in family and 86.70%(78) had accessed medical professional as a source of information. In present study the pre-test knowledge score of caregivers revealed that majority 24.44% of had good (13-18) knowledge about Schizophrenia. In post-test majority of the caregivers 96.67% had excellent (25-30) knowledge about schizophrenia. Findings shows that the pre-test knowledge mean score 15.10 and post-test mean score was 25.98 after psychoeducation programme. The calculated' value for knowledge of caregivers was 21.29,hence null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that psychoeducation programme was effective in improving the knowledge of caregivers regarding Schizophrenia none of the demographic variable of caregiver was found to have significant association with the knowledge score of caregivers regarding Schizophrenia . CONCLUSION There was significant difference in the pre-test and post- test knowledge score of caregivers, which shows psychoeducation programme on knowledge of caregivers regarding Schizophrenia was effective.

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 Keywords

Psychoeducation Programme, Schizophrenia, Caregivers, knowledge, tertiary care hospital

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Geomagnetic activity, normalized deviation, AE(Auroral Electrojet index), Kp (K- Index), Bz(Interplanetary magnetic field) and Dst(Disturbed Storm Time).

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This narrative literature review focuses on the intricate landscape of consumer preferences within Kodagu, spanning the last two decades. Following the IMRaD structure, the study navigates through Introduction, Aim, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, providing a comprehensive exploration of generational shifts in consumer behaviour. The primary aim of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the intergenerational shifts in consumer preferences within the unique context of Kodagu. The study aims to decipher the complex dynamics that influence the choices of different age cohorts, contributing valuable insights for businesses and policymakers operating in this distinct marketplace. A narrative literature review was conducted, employing a methodology to identify and analyze relevant scholarly works. The review focused on seminal studies and contemporary research exploring generational behaviours, historical influences, economic factors, technological impacts, cultural dynamics, and sustainability trends in the context of Gen X, Millennials, and Gen Z consumer preferences in Kodagu. The findings are presented categorically, with each generational cohort (Gen X, Millennials, Gen Z) revealing distinctive preferences. The study unveils nuanced characteristics, such as Gen X's practicality, Millennials' emphasis on experiences, and Gen Z's conscious consumption, providing fresh perspectives on how these generations navigate the consumer landscape in Kodagu. The discussion synthesizes the key findings, highlighting the interconnected nature of historical, economic, technological, cultural, and generational factors influencing consumer preferences. It explores the implications of these findings for businesses and policymakers, emphasizing the necessity of adapting strategies to align with the unique cultural ethos and evolving preferences of Kodagu.

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Generational Shifts, Kodagu Consumer Behaviour, Intergenerational Dynamics, Evolving Market Landscape

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Insomnia is defined by the presence of an individual's report of difficulty in sleep cycle. Insomnia is known for polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. Thus, the presence of long sleep latency, frequent nocturnal awakenings, or prolonged periods of wakefulness during the sleep period or even frequent transient arousals are taken as evidence of insomnia

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Insomnia, Dyssomnias, Hypersomnia, Hyperarousal, Physiological arousal, cognitive behavioral therapy, stimulus control therapy, paradoxical intention

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Since COVID-19, ICT has proven its importance in almost every aspect, particularly in the education field. For around 2 and half years, no activities like classroom teaching, conferences, workshops, and many more were not possible due to the pandemic situation, and still, everything was conducted through the ONLINE platform, and it's possible just because of the ICT [Information and Communication Technology]. Had ICT not been available the scenario would have worsened so far as the entire education system is concerned as it works as a powerful medium in it. ICT is a diversified set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. ICT adds more value to the learning processes and organization and administration of educational institutions

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COVID-19, Pandemic, Online, ICT, Diversified, Disseminate

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This case study explores the life of a 19-year-old female from Syria who, at a remarkably young age, has already undergone three marriages, each ending in less than a year. Confronted with symptoms of depression and anxiety, she grapples with challenges such as disturbed sleep and a significant loss of appetite. Compounded by an unsupportive familial environment, a comprehensive assessment leads to the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The proposed treatment plan involves a nuanced combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, specifically Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), with overarching goals to mitigate symptoms, enhance sleep and appetite, strengthen social support, and ultimately elevate her overall quality of life.

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 Keywords

Syrian women, Depression , Anxiety, Psychotherapy.

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These days riding two wheelers are more comfortable than any other vehicle. But riding motorcycle without wearing a helmet is a violation of traffic rules. Wearing helmet while riding is one of the safety measure which decreases accidents and death everywhere .There are certain rules made by the government for wearing helmet but still people ride vehicle without wearing helmet. This paper surveys recent advances in helmet detection and number plate validation using image processing and machine learning techniques. This project has the potential to revolutionize motorcyclist safety by promoting helmet compliance, facilitating efficient traffic management, and contributing to data-driven decision making. Ultimately, our goal is to create a safer and more secure environment for motorcyclists, pedestrians, and drivers alike.

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Helmet Detection, Image processing, Number Plate validation

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