Volume 12 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

This research introduces a groundbreaking approach in dermatological treatment, focusing on the development of a Microsponges-loaded topical hydrogel for the effective management of plaque psoriasis. The study underscores the advantages of transdermal drug delivery, emphasizing the convenience, increased patient compliance, and localized therapeutic effects offered by topical applications. Microsponges, characterized by their porous microspheres, play a pivotal role in controlling drug release, enhancing stability, and reducing side effects. The versatility of Microsponges in encapsulating various active ingredients, such as anti-inflammatory agents and essential oils, makes them a promising candidate for dermatological applications. The article explores the pathophysiology of psoriasis, detailing its autoimmune and T cell-mediated nature, affecting approximately 125 million people worldwide. Plaque psoriasis, the most common type, is characterized by dry, itchy, raised patches on the skin. The proposed Microsponges-loaded hydrogel aims to address the limitations of current treatments by extending the contact time of active ingredients on the skin, minimizing systemic absorption, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the research incorporates hydrogel technology, known for its three-dimensional structure and water-holding capacity. This integration enhances the overall formulation by providing controlled drug release, improved stability, and ease of application. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogels, emphasizing their biocompatibility, flexibility, and potential for modification. In vitro release studies using a Franz diffusion cell and stability evaluations following ICH specifications provide insights into the performance and longevity of the proposed formulation. The study concludes that the microsponge-loaded topical hydrogel offers a promising avenue for psoriasis treatment, potentially revolutionizing current therapeutic strategies. This innovative approach not only addresses the challenges associated with conventional treatments but also provides a foundation for further research in transdermal drug delivery and dermatological applications.

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 Keywords

Novel drug delivery system, Topical drug delivery system, Microsponges, Psoriasis, Hydrogel.

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Acyclovir, an acyclic purine nucleoside analog, is a highly potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV), types 1 and 2, and varicella zoster virus, and has extremely low toxicity for the normal host cells. This selectivity is due to the ability of these viruses to code for a viral thymidine kinase capable of phosphorylating acyclovir to a monophosphate; this capability is essentially absent in uninfected cells. The acyclovir monophosphate (acyclo-GMP) is subsequently converted to acyclovir triphosphate (acyclo-GTP) by cellular enzymes. Acyclo-GTP persists in HSV-infected cells for many hours after acyclovir is removed from the medium. The amounts of acyclo-GTP formed in HSV-infected cells are 40 to 100 times greater than in uninfected Vero cells. Acyclo-GTP acts as a more potent inhibitor of the viral DNA polymerases than of the cellular polymerases. The DNA polymerases of HSV-1 and HSV-2 also use acyclo-GTP as a substrate and incorporate acycto-GMP into the DNA primer-template to a much greater extent than do the cellular enzymes, the viral DNA polymerase binds strongly to the acyclo-GMP-terminated template, and is thereby inactivated

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Acyclovir, Pharmacokinetic Studies, Liposomes, Niosomes, Ethosomes

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Bilayer tablet represents new era for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to produce of the successful drug delivery system. According to the literature review of the past decade, bilayer tablets have been developed to achieve sequential release of two drugs in which one layer is immediate release layer and the second layer as sustained release layer. Bilayer tablets can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between api by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles like the immediate release with extended release. Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination or to incorporate two incompatible substances in same tablet. Bilayer tablet have improved beneficial technology to overcome the problems of the single layered tablets. Productions of quality bilayer tablets needs to be carried out and to reduce the common bilayer problems, such as layer-separation, insufficient hardness, Inaccurate individual layer weight control, cross- contamination between the layers, Therefore, now a day's bilayer tablet have been developed for combination therapy for treatment of various diseases such as anti-inflammatory, anti- hypertension, anti-diabetic and analgesic. And also disorder requiring long term therapy such as hypertension diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritics. . The primary objective of bilayer tablet is sustained release drug delivery is to improve the oral therapeutic efficacy with optimal control of plasma drug level and also improve its bioavailability which in turn improve the patient compliance and convenience. . The present article explains introduction to bilayer tablets, Advantages, technology challenges in bilayer tablet manufacturing, various tablet presses used, quality and GMP requirements for their manufacturing various techniques used for bilayer tableting and recent advancement in the field of bilayer technology.

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Bilayer tablet for sustained drug delivery system, GMP requirement, Need of bilayer tablets, Novel drug delivery system, Formulation and Evaluation of bilayer tablets, Bilayer tablet press, Technologies of bilayer tablets Duros technology ,Oros Push Pull Technology.

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Wellbeing might be characterized as the capacity to adjust and oversee physical, mental and social difficulties over the course of life. Ayurveda is an old study of existence with pack of information which plans to advance wellbeing, to protect wellbeing, to reestablish wellbeing when it is disabled and to limit the misery and pain which is brought by levelling Dosha, Dhatu and Mala in the body. Ayurveda has given a significant spot to Kala, in light of the fact that the presence and the obliteration relies on the Kala. Thus, The idea of Kriyakala is viewed as most extreme significance in setting to accomplish the objective of Ayurveda which alludes to the acknowledgment of the phases of a disease's progress, which assists with deciding fitting measure to address the irregularity in Doshas. A reasonable comprehension about the phases of Kriyakala is a fundamental variable for early conclusion, visualization and for embracing proper forestalling and corrective measures in order to forestall the further foundation of an illness and subsequently forestalling the confusions related with it which has been underlined. The term Kriya kala alludes to the acknowledgment of the phase of an illness' Advancement. This idea is for the most part contrasted and illness Pathogenesis. kriyakala implies the hour of treatment or capture attempt during the time spent illness manifestation. Acharya Susrutha has described detail thought of Shatkriyakala in 21st section of Sutrasthana. Shatkriyakala incorporate six phases viz Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthansamshraya, Vyaktavastha and Bhedavastha. That implies 6 (the number Six). Kriya implies Activity or treatment. Kala implies Time or period. So Shatkriyakala signifies 'Suitable time spans to make a move/treatment. The Prayojana of Ayurveda is of two kinds, Maintenance of wellbeing a solid Individual, by taking on the Ritucharya, Dincharya and Sadvritta and relieving of an infection of sick Individual, by embracing therapeutic measures. Prior to Concentrating on the Obsessive states of the body, a doctor needs to initially concentrate on the mysterious capability and designs of the body on the fundamental of dosa, dushya and Srotas. Around then kriya Kala assists the specialist with taking on line of treatment by Seeing the vitiated dosha condition by his keenness and information. Since Ayurveda is the study of life, it weighs on the conservation of strength of solid individuals and to fix the infection of the unhealthy. The term Kriya in Ayurvedic arrangement of medication shows Vikrita Kriya ie. strange exercises of doshas. The series of vikrita kriya which progressively foster in various timeframes is shown by the term Kriyakala. In Ayurvedic framework, the word Kriya additionally implies Chikitsa karma ie. the treatment. Kriyakala is useful in understanding the various phases of doshas after doshavaisamya till the presence of a specific sickness. Each phase of the Kriyakala gives the extent of a method for halting or to invert the further advancement of the illness cycle. Treatment of an illness is simpler and achievement rate is more in the event that the sickness is analysed in its earliest conceivable stage. In this way, the information on Kriyakala is useful for both the finding and treatment of sicknesses. In the current review an attempt is made to give a concise idea of kriyakalas accessible in the ayurvedic works of art and to apply this information for the reason to check the sickness sign cycle in its earliest conceivable stage making the subject mindful or cognizant pretty much every one of the moment changes occurring in his body. For compelling administration purposes, one need to know pathogenesis (Samprapti) of illness and Pooed Kriyakala as an instrument for it. The information on Pooped Kriyakala is useful for getting the information on Sadhya Asadhyatava of infection and plans the legitimate treatment.

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Shatkriyakala, Kriya Vikrita, Dhatu, Health, Ayurveda, Asadhyatava, Kriyakala.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Gender equality, international law, gender discrimination, legislative remedies

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Twin-to-twin transfusion (TTTS) in early pregnancy is associated with significant maternal death rate and illness rate. TTTS is a extreme situation affecting 10% to fifteen% of twins with identical twins who share a placenta (monochorionic) but each have their own inner sac (diamniotic). Invention of unbalanced connective tissue of the placenta inside the shared movement has been implicated in its development. The shipping of TTTS varies extensively, and does not continually proceed as predicted. Consequently, Monochronionic twin pregnancies need to be monitored to discover TTTS symptoms with serial sonograms beginning in the 2nd trimester. Early TTTS may be controlled as it should be. But, without intervention, newly evolved TTTS is associated with a higher charge of start defects and the chance of severe emotional incapacity amongst survivors.

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twins to twins pregnancy, TTTS, Trimester

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The Khasi-Jaintia society, indigenous to the northeastern region of India, has a rich historical background that shaped its social structure over time. This abstract aims to provide an overview of the origin and growth of the social structure of the Khasi-Jaintia society, with a specific focus on the urbanization of Shillong, the capital city of Meghalaya state. The Khasi-Jaintia society traces its origins back to ancient times when these tribes inhabited the hills and valleys of the region. Historically, the society followed a matrilineal system where descent and inheritance were traced through the female line. This unique social structure influenced various aspects of their community life, including kinship ties, landownership patterns, and political organization. As British colonial rule spread across India, the Khasi-Jaintia Hills came under British administration, and Shillong emerged as an important administrative and commercial center. With the establishment of the British Raj, the colonial administration introduced urbanization policies that transformed Shillong into a thriving urban hub. This urbanization process brought about significant changes in the social fabric of the Khasi-Jaintia society. The influx of people from different parts of India and the world into Shillong led to increased cultural diversity and interactions. The rapid urban growth and economic opportunities attracted migrants, resulting in the emergence of a multicultural society in Shillong. However, the Khasi-Jaintia society retained its distinctive social structure amidst these changes, adapting to the evolving urban environment while preserving their unique customs and traditions. The urbanization of Shillong also brought about socio-economic disparities, as the city became a symbol of privilege and economic prosperity. While some segments of the Khasi-Jaintia society benefited from the urbanization process, others faced challenges such as land encroachment, marginalization, and changes in traditional occupations. This led to social tensions and the need for adaptations within the community to address these issues. In recent decades, Shillong has witnessed further urban development, including the expansion of educational institutions, government offices, and the growth of the service sector. These changes have continued to shape the social structure of the Khasi-Jaintia society, with increased opportunities for education, employment, and social mobility. In conclusion, the origin and growth of the social structure of the Khasi-Jaintia society can be understood in the context of the urbanization of Shillong. While the city's transformation brought both opportunities and challenges, the Khasi-Jaintia society has demonstrated resilience in preserving its distinct social structure while adapting to the changing urban environment. The dynamics of urbanization continue to shape the social fabric of the Khasi-Jaintia society, making it a fascinating area of study for understanding the interplay between tradition and modernity.

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Khasi-Jaintia, Shillong, urban, society

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Nanofibers have emerged as thrilling one-dimensional nanomaterials for a extensive spectrum of research and industrial applications attributable to their particular physicochemical houses and traits. As a class of nanomaterials with go-sectional diameters ranging from tens to loads of nanometers, nanofibers possess extraordinarily high precise surface location and surface region-to-volume ratio

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Electro spining , Nanofiber ,

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Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population, with a higher prevalence in men, independent of race and social class; it affects approximately 1.5-2.0% of the elderly population over 60 years and those over 80 years of age. Many factors such as environmental and genetic factors influence Parkinson's disease risk with different factors predominating in different patients. These factors are based on specific pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, impaired autophagy, and neuroinflammation. Ultimately, treatment for Parkinson's disease may focus on targeted therapies for defined subtypes of PD patients. Even though effective medicines are available for Parkinson's disease there is no total cure.

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Keywords: Parkinson's disease (PD), Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), Postural instability or gait difficulty (PIGD), Tremor-dominant [TD], Dopamine2 Receptor (D2R), SNCA-Synuclein Alpha.

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Fear, as an adaptive emotion, triggers the activation of defensive resources when faced with a perceived threat or danger. Fear and anxiety are closely related, phylogenetically adaptive emotions experienced in response to near and threat or a more distant future threat. Anxiety and Fear both are alerting signals that acts warning of an internal and external threat(1) Anxiety can be conceptualized as a normal and adaptive response that has life saving qualities and warns of threats of bodily damage, pain, helplessness, possible punishment or the frustration of social and bodily needs This helps to throw some light on the management of different fears, phobias, anxieties, with the help of homeopathy.

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Anxiety Disorder, Fears, PTSD, OCD, Homeopathy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition