Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Email communication faces significant challenges from unsolicited bulk messages, or "spam," which lead to security risks and reduced user productivity. This paper presents an "Email Spam Detection System" designed to address these specific gaps. The system architecture is designed on three core pillars

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ABSTRACT India has grown to be a popular destination for overseas couples and a centre for surrogacy during the last 20 years. The number of fertility clinics offering IVF, surrogacy, and artificial insemination to Indian citizens and foreign couples has increased dramatically across the nation. The surrogacy boom has led to more complex ethical, legal, and social issues. The prevalence of unethical practices such as child abandonment, surrogate mother exploitation, and selective breeding has increased. The study focuses on the various unresolved difficulties related to surrogacy. This thesis highlights the many case studies in India as well as the timeline of the regulations that the Indian government has put in place to regulate surrogacy services. In India, surrogacy is not governed by any laws. Guidelines for the Accreditation, Supervision, and Regulation of ART clinics in the nation were published by the ICMR in 2005. These guidelines were followed by the Assisted Reproductive Technology Bill in 2010, its 2013 edition, and the Surrogacy Regulation Bill of 2016, which was reintroduced in 2019. Nevertheless, these bills and guidelines are not legally binding. The researcher has also looked at other laws in India that deal with surrogacy-related issues and try to maximize its advantages, but these laws have flaws of their own and are difficult to enforce in the current situation, where surrogacy has become a major problem in terms of appropriate regulation and related human rights violations on ethical grounds, despite the seriousness of the issues at hand. Consequently, this study will conduct a thorough examination of the pertinent legal provisions. It seeks to evaluate India's surrogacy legislation critically. According to this study, a comprehensive Act pertaining to surrogacy restrictions is still awaiting. In this thesis, the researcher makes the case that outlawing commercial surrogacy in India won't solve the problem because it would push such operations underground and result in illicit activities.

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Surrogacy in india,legal perspective,parental rights,ethical issue of surrogacy,eligibility of intended parent.

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The complicated metabolic disease known as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has systemic repercussions that go beyond the usual difficulties of the kidneys, heart, and eyes. New research shows that type 2 diabetes negatively affects cognitive function, functional exercise capacity, pulmonary function, and general quality of life. The results of case-control studies, intervention trials, population-based analyses, and systematic reviews that looked at T2DM patients' pulmonary parameters (FVC, FEV1, PEFR), performance on the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), hand grip strength, cognitive tests, sleep quality, and quality of life indices are summarized in this narrative review. Studies have shown that T2DM is linked to decreased exercise tolerance and lung function, which is exacerbated by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and the length of the disease. Sleep issues and cognitive impairments make functional decline even worse. While tele-assessment provides a dependable means of remote monitoring, evidence also shows that multicomponent exercise regimens and lifestyle treatments enhance lung function, functional capacity, and quality of life. In order to maximize functional independence and health outcomes for individuals with type 2 diabetes, these findings highlight the significance of early evaluation, integrated care, and customized therapies.

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Pulmonary Function, Functional Capacity, Six-Minute Walk Test, Quality of Life.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Arduino Uno, Environmental Monitoring, MQ135, pH Sensor, Turbidity Sensor, DS18B20, Air Quality, Water Quality, LCD Display.

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India's policy toward Afghanistan, especially since the Taliban takeover in August 2021, represents a delicate tightrope walk. New Delhi must balance its critical security and strategic interests--primarily countering terrorism and regional rivals Pakistan and China--with its historic commitment to the Afghan people through developmental and humanitarian aid. While officially withholding formal recognition of the Taliban regime due to concerns over security, human rights, and inclusive governance, India has adopted a pragmatic engagement strategy. This approach involves continuing humanitarian assistance and establishing diplomatic footholds, such as the upgrading of its technical mission to a full embassy in Kabul (October 2025), to safeguard past investments and retain a crucial stake in regional stability. This article explores the motivations, mechanisms, and considerable challenges of India's dual-track approach of "engage but not recognize".

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Afghanistan, India, Taliban, Humanitarian Aid, Diplomacy, Strategic Autonomy, Chabahar Port, Pakistan, Counter-Terrorism, Engage but Not Recognize.

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Anthropogenic climate change has emerged as a premier threat to global biodiversity, transitioning from a future risk to an immediate driver of ecological disruption. This research paper investigates the mechanistic impacts of rapid climatic shifts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, focusing on phenological desynchronization, range shifts, and physiological stress. Utilizing a secondary qualitative data analysis approach, this study synthesizes recent high-impact reports, including the Living Planet Report 2024, and peer-reviewed case studies. The analysis reveals that species are responding through migration, adaptation, or extinction, but the current "velocity of climate change" often exceeds the evolutionary potential of many taxa. Case studies of Andean bird populations ("escalator to extinction") and coral reef systems underscore the critical nature of thermal thresholds and "tipping points." The findings suggest that without immediate and deep decarbonization, coupled with the establishment of climate-resilient conservation corridors, the biosphere faces an irreversible collapse of essential ecosystem services.

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Biodiversity Loss, Phenological Mismatch, Range Shifts, Ocean Acidification, Tipping Points, Escalator to Extinction, Ecosystem Services.

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This research paper explores the psychological mechanisms underlying the tragic downfall of Michael Henchard, the central protagonist of Thomas Hardy's famous novel "The Mayor of Casterbridge". While though external circumstances such as fate, societal change and rival characters contribute to his decline, it is ultimately Henchard's psychology his impulsiveness, pride, guilt and inability to adapt according to the societal changes seems to seal his doom. Rather than being merely a victim of fate, Henchard is the architect of his own ruin. This paper concentrates on self-adversaries that Henchard's ruin is not merely the result of external fate but is an inevitable consequence of an internal architecture of self-destruction, built upon several key psychological pillars, such as overweening pride (hubris), uncontrolled impulsivity and a resulting compulsion toward self-sabotage. By analyzing his initial rash oath, his business dealings illogical investments and his personal relationships, the study tries to demonstrates how Henchard's tragic trajectory is determined by an ingrained character flaw that actively rejects opportunities for redemption of which it ensures to his final and miserable isolation. This paper tries to present an idea that Michael Henchard's downfall is primarily psychological, driven by internal character flaws that manifest through repeated poor decisions, emotional instability and self-destructive behavior.

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Psychology, Pride, Destruction, Tragical, Isolation.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed from a theoretical concept in the 1950s into a dominant force shaping the 21st century. This research paper investigates the evolutionary trajectory of AI, moving from early rule-based systems to modern machine learning and neural networks. By analyzing current applications, the study evaluates the technology's merits, such as advancements in healthcare and operational efficiency, against its demerits, including algorithmic bias, job displacement, and privacy concerns. The paper concludes by discussing the future trajectory of AI, specifically the transition from Narrow AI (ANI) to the theoretical Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), and the urgent need for ethical regulation.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Automation, Ethics, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).

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A dentifrice in the shape of a smooth, semi-solid, homogenous mass that contains relevant chemicals including humectants, surface active agents, abrasives/polishing agents, binding agents, and other compounds suitable for maintaining oral health is what is referred to as toothpaste. Eggshell powder has been employed as an abrasive in toothpaste for the current project. After a number of formulations were created and assessed, It has been observed that formulations based on eggshells are effective in treating dental caries and tooth hypersensitivity. In the present work Eggshell powder has been used as abrasive in toothpaste. Eggshell based formulation is reported useful in treatment of dental caries and tooth hypersensitivity. Calcium plays active role in remineralization of enamel and eggshell powder has a very high percentage of bio-available calcium. For treatment of dental caries and tooth hypersensitivity many formulations are commercially available but eggshell based toothpaste is seems to be most effective and economic product. The composition of an eggshell is very similar to that of our bones and teeth. Tulsi, known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, serves as a natural therapeutic agent that aids in the prevention of oral infections, gingivitis, and bad breath. The prepared formulations were evaluated for organoleptic characteristics, pH, foaming ability, abrasiveness, and microbial activity. Results indicated that the herbal toothpaste exhibited good stability, acceptable texture, and effective antimicrobial activity against common oral pathogens. The study concludes that eggshell- and Tulsi-based toothpaste provides a safe, eco-friendly, and economical alternative to synthetic formulations, promoting sustainable oral hygiene practices.

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Eggshell, Calcium, Abrasive, Dental Carries, Hypersensitivity, Ocimum Sectum.

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Sustainability has become a strategic priority for organizations as they face increasing pressure from stakeholders to operate responsibly. Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a crucial role in embedding sustainability practices by promoting green behaviour, ethical working environments, employee wellbeing, and long-term capability building. This study examines the relationship between sustainable HRM practices and organizational performance using secondary data and a simple statistical test (Chi-square) to validate the relationship between employee awareness of sustainable HRM practices and perceived organizational sustainability. The analysis reveals that sustainable HRM has a significant positive association with employee engagement and organizational outcomes. The paper concludes with practical suggestions for adopting sustainable HRM practices across industries.

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Sustainability, Human Resource Management, Green HRM, Employee Engagement, Organizational Performance, Sustainable Practices, HR Policies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition