Volume 12 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

The rainfall trend analysis study helps to assess the monsoon pattern of the Ahmedabad region so as to predict chances of occurrence of drought and flood. This study aims to analyse the rainfall trend in Ahmedabad of Gujrat state in India. Forty-one years (1981-2022) of monthly rainfall data has been analysed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimation methods. In Mann- Kendall test, the test statistics (Zc) for January, March, June, July, August, September, October, November and December shows a rising trend while Zc values corresponding to the months February, April, and May are showing negative trend during the study period.

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Trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's Slope factor

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The advancement of X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been fundamentally influenced by the discovery of X-rays, the introduction of the Radon transform, and the progress in X-ray digital data acquisition systems alongside computer technology. In contrast to traditional X-ray imaging (general radiography), CT generates cross-sectional anatomical images of internal structures based on X-ray attenuation coefficients, which approximate tissue density across nearly all body regions. This article examines the key physical principles and technical features of the CT scanner, highlighting significant developments in CT technology that have led to the creation of helical, multidetector, cone beam, portable, dual-energy, and phase-contrast CT. It also discusses integrated imaging modalities such as positron-emission-tomography CT and single-photon-emission-computed-tomography CT, as well as various clinical applications, including image acquisition parameters, CT angiography, image enhancement, flexible image visualizations, volumetric and surface rendering on computer workstations, radiation treatment planning, and target localization in radiotherapy. A comprehensive understanding of CT characteristics will enhance patient care in diagnostics and radiotherapy, potentially improving image quality and optimizing exposure doses.

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 Keywords

Computed Tomography, Physical Concept, Clinical uses, Technical aspects, Radiation dose.

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Rag pickers are a crucial yet often unrecognized workforce in urban waste management, collecting and segregating recyclable materials from municipal waste streams. This study examines the pivotal role of rag pickers in waste segregation within the Patna Municipal Corporation and their contribution to environmental upgradation. Data was collected through field surveys, interviews with rag pickers, and consultations with waste management officials. The findings highlight the substantial positive impact of rag pickers on waste diversion and recycling, demonstrating their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating environmental degradation. However, rag pickers in Patna face significant health risks, social stigma, and economic instability due to their work conditions and lack of formal recognition. The study suggests that formalizing their role within Patna's waste management framework could improve waste segregation practices, enhance the livelihoods of rag pickers, and promote a more sustainable waste management model.

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 Keywords

Rag pickers, Patna Municipal Corporation, Environmental upgradation, waste management

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Sustainable Waste Management is a censorious component of environmental stewardship and public health, focusing on limiting the unpropitious impacts of waste through ingenious practices and decisive policies. The approach of the researcher encompasses waste reduction, reuse, recycle and recovery, sighting to create a zero- waste economy where materials are frequently repurposed rather than discarded. Effective sustainable waste management amalgamates technological advancements, such as waste-to-energy systems and advanced recycling technologies with behavioral changes and supervisory frameworks that promote accountable consumption and waste grasping. By sequencing waste minimization at the source, intensifying the efficiency of waste processing systems, and stimulating community engagement, sustainable waste management seeks to mitigate environmental pollution, conserve resources, and contribute to a healthier planet. The fruitful execution of these strategies requires a collaborative support among government, industries and individual to address the compounded challenges of waste management in a swiftly evolving world. The point in this scenario, is not to keep away from the generation of waste limit may be- but set apart according to the types and avoid from paying irrelevant costs for useless treatment and get upper hand of securing income from waste. Waste depletion can be supplied in the individual level by gobbling less, organizing the shopping and daily life deliberately, encouraging the 3-R (Recovery, Recycle and Reuse). Sustainability can only be accomplished only if the waste allows getting favorable revenues. By sundering and processing wastes accordingly, will give immense advantage in solving the waste challenges and also procure profit.

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Waste Management, Sustainability, Recycling, Reuse, Energy Recovery, Integrated Waste Management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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NIRVIGHNA is an innovative Android-based application designed to address waste management challenges by offering an intuitive platform for waste segregation and disposal. This project enables users to categorize waste types (e.g., organic, plastic, metal) and guides them to the nearest dumpsite. By integrating real-time user feedback, locality selection, and reward systems for users who weigh and properly dispose of waste, NIRVIGHNA promotes sustainable waste management practices. The app leverages Android Studio for frontend development, MySQL Workbench for backend data storage, and Python Flask for API connectivity, providing a complete system for effective waste disposal. Additionally, the app's user-centric features are designed to encourage consistent participation in eco-friendly waste disposal, potentially reducing the impact of improper waste management on the environment. This paper outlines the application's development process, implementation, and its potential impact on community-driven waste management.

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Android, Python Flask, MySQL Workbench, Waste Disposal App, Sustainability

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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) belongs to the class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. it is used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of AIDS. Tenofovir and lamivudine are also effective against hepatitis B Virus. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorted from the gastrointestinal tract and is converted to tenofovir with peak plasma concentration occurring within 2 hours. Tenofovir is widely distributed in the body tissues, particularly in kidneys and liver. It is excreted mainly in urine. The objective of this review is to summarize and collect a number of studies that have already been published in various national and international literature platforms for the purpose of estimating the amount of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pharmaceutical formulations and bulk, with a particular emphasis on UV spectrometric methods. There are several parameters employed with the UV Spectro photometric technique, but two important parameters are ? max and solvent. This compilation review covers all of the analytical techniques that have been utilized to estimate Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate along with their key parameters. This will be helpful for researchers and will further the body of knowledge in this area.

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Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate , UV spectro photometric method, ? max , viral disease,AIDS, Lamivudin , Emtricitabine , Efavirenz

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The use of smart attendance system facial recognition is an innovative way to prevent and automate attendance issues in educational institutions and workplaces. Traditional access systems, which rely on handheld or RFID playing cards, are time-consuming, slow, and often proxy attendance Our program uses advanced facial recognition technology as attendance provide a simple, green, and relatively accurate management solution. This machine employs cutting-edge computer imaginative and prescient techniques and tool mastering algorithms to come upon and apprehend faces in actual-time. Utilizing a camera set up on the access points of school rooms or offices, the machine captures pics of people as they enter the premises. These images are then processed the use of facial recognition software program to in shape in opposition to a pre-enrolled database of legal faces. Upon successful identity, the attendance is routinely recorded within the device, casting off the need for manual intervention. The first approach follows five sections which are face detection, data preprocessing, data training and, face recognition using AI through which attendance will be marked [1]. Key capabilities of the Smart Attendance System consist of high accuracy in face detection and popularity, real-time attendance logging, and sturdy safety to shield touchy information. Additionally, the gadget can generate complete reports and analytics, offering insights into attendance styles and traits.

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 Keywords

Facial Recognition, Real-Time Processing, Deep Learning, Feature Extraction, Computer Vision, CNNs.

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Over the past ten years, the market for cosmetics derived from marine sources has grown at an incredible rate. A prospective source of new bioactive chemicals for the creation of novel cosmetic ingredients is marine resources. However, while creating cosmetic components, sustainability concerns also become a factor to be taken into account. The fishing, farming, and processing sectors of the fisheries industry produce a lot of waste that contains precious materials that can be used as powerful sources of components for cosmeceuticals. The marine by-product has a number of bioactive compounds that could be isolated and used as a powerful element in cosmetic goods. Those bioactive compounds (for instance, chitin from crustacean waste and collagen from fish waste) could be used in skin barrier, hair care, and anti-photoaging and anti-wrinkle treatments.

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Cosmetics, marine cosmetics, medicinal usage, metabolites, organisms, skin health, and skin care

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This study examines gender difference in self-esteem and psychological wellbeing among sample of 50 participants, with 25 males and 25 females. sample has taken from people of age between 18- 30 years. Data was collected using psychological wellbeing scale (Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale) and self-esteem scale (The State Self-Esteem Scale developed by Heatherton and Polivy in 1991.) Statistical analysis was done through SPSS, descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test was applied for evaluation of results. Descriptive statistics are presented to analyze the mean stress levels, standard deviations, and statistical significance between the two gender groups. The results reveal that for psychological well-being, females had a mean score of 87.56 (SD = 14.26), while males had a mean score of 88.20 (SD = 11.27. The t-test for equality of means revealed no significant difference in psychological well-being scores between genders, (t (48) = -0.176), (p = .861), with a mean difference of -0.64 (95% CI: -7.95 to 6.67). Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating no significant gender difference in psychological well-being. For self-esteem, females (n = 25) had a mean score of 69.60 (SD = 11.13), and males (n = 25) had a mean score of 71.64 (SD = 13.84). The t-test for equality of means indicated no significant difference in self-esteem scores between genders, (t (48) = -0.574), (p = .568), with a mean difference of -2.04 (95% CI: -9.18 to 5.10). Thus, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating no significant gender difference in self-esteem. These results suggest that gender does not significantly impact self-esteem or psychological well-being in this sample.

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 Keywords

self-esteem, Psychological wellbeing, Male, Female

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Judicial restraint is a guiding principle in constitutional law which encourages the courts of the nation to interpret laws based on their plain text and legislative intent, with minimal intervention in legislative and executive functions. In democratic systems, judicial restraint supports the separation of powers, ensuring that the judiciary respects the policymaking roles of elected representatives. This paper explores the role of judicial restraint in upholding constitutional values in Indian jurisprudence. Through an analysis of case law, constitutional provisions, and theoretical frameworks, it examines how judicial restraint promotes democratic principles, stability, and neutrality in the judicial process, while also assessing the potential risks associated with over-reliance on restraint. Using a doctrinal approach, preliminary sources i.e., judicial declarations and constitutional provisions, along with secondary academic commentaries, provide insight. Cases like Kesavananda Bharati Case, Naz Foundation Case, and the recent Supriyo v. Union of India illustrate the Indian judiciary's application of restraint. The analysis shows that judicial restraint in India has supported the separation of powers, especially during the nation's formative years. However, periods of excessive restraint, such as during the Emergency, reveal limitations, where restraint compromised fundamental rights. Post-Emergency, the Indian judiciary has navigated a middle path, using restraint to defer to legislative action while still protecting core constitutional values, especially through doctrines like the "basic structure" doctrine. Judicial restraint is crucial for maintaining a balanced democratic system and preserving judicial legitimacy, yet it poses challenges when excessively applied. The paper concludes that while judicial restraint encourages democratic solutions to rights-based issues and legislative accountability, over-reliance on restraint may inhibit necessary interventions, especially in emerging areas of social justice. Balancing judicial restraint with selective activism allows the judiciary to protect rights without undermining democratic governance, ensuring the judiciary remains a guardian of both constitutional principles and democratic values.

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 Keywords

Judicial restraint, fundamental rights, legislative autonomy, separation of powers.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition