Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

??? ??? (1632??1704) ?? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? 17??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? "???? ?????????? ? ???????????" ???? ???? ??, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? "???? ?? ??????" ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? "?????????? ?? ??????" ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???, ??????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? "??????? ?? ??????" ??, ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ???, ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? (1776) ?? ????????? ??????? (1789) ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ??-????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 17??? ?? 18??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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John Locke, Natural Rights

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Juvenile Delinquency in India: A Critical Examination of Child Rights and Legal Frameworks Abstract Juvenile delinquency remains a significant concern in India, where an increasing number of children are becoming involved in criminal activities. This article critically examines juvenile delinquency in the Indian context, focusing on the intersection of child rights and the legal frameworks designed to address this issue. Despite various legal reforms, particularly the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, the challenges of aligning child rights with legal responses to juvenile delinquency persist. The study explores the root causes of juvenile crime, including socio-economic factors, lack of access to education, and the breakdown of family structures. It also assesses how India's legal system both upholds and undermines the rights of children in conflict with the law, with particular attention to the adequacy of rehabilitative and restorative approaches. Through a critical evaluation of existing policies, the paper calls for an integrated child rights approach that balances the need for justice with the imperative of protecting vulnerable children. The article emphasizes the need for reforms that not only focus on punitive measures but also prioritize the rehabilitation and reintegration of juveniles into society, ensuring that their fundamental rights are upheld in every step of the legal process.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Key words: Juvenile Delinquency, Child Rights, Legal Framework, Juvenile Justice Act, Rehabilitation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Hybrid deep learning architectures have emerged as a powerful solution for addressing the complexity of MRI-based brain tumor diagnosis, a domain characterized by heterogeneous tumor morphology, multimodal imaging protocols, and the need for accurate, early detection. Traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs), although highly effective at learning spatial features, often struggle to capture long-range dependencies, multi-sequence relationships, and contextual variations inherent in brain tumor MRI data. By integrating complementary modules such as recurrent neural networks, transformers, generative adversarial networks, and classical machine-learning classifiers, hybrid models leverage the strengths of each component to enhance feature representation, robustness, and generalization across scanners and institutions. Advances in multimodal MRI--including T1, T2, FLAIR, and contrast-enhanced sequences--further motivate hybrid architectures by providing diverse inputs that benefit from sophisticated fusion strategies. Preprocessing pipelines involving skull stripping, normalization, and denoising underpin the reliability of these systems, while hybrid CNN-GAN and CNN-Transformer approaches demonstrate improvements in tumor detection, classification, and segmentation, particularly for complex tasks such as delineating glioma subregions or distinguishing tumor grades. Benchmarking on datasets such as BraTS, TCGA, and REMBRANDT reveals consistent performance gains for hybrid models, although issues of domain shift, annotation scarcity, and limited cross-dataset validation remain significant barriers. Despite impressive accuracy metrics--including enhanced Dice scores, F1-scores, and reduced false positives--clinical integration is hindered by computational cost, interpretability challenges, and regulatory constraints. Overall, hybrid deep learning architectures represent a promising path toward more reliable and clinically useful MRI-based brain tumor diagnosis, while highlighting the need for improved datasets, standardized evaluation protocols, and greater emphasis on robustness and transparency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Deep Learning, MRI, Brain Tumor, Convolutional Neural Networks, T1, T2, FLAIR and GAN

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Collective memory, displacement, memory, nostalgia, Partition, spatial memory.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

????-??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??-???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????-?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? "???? ???? ??????" ?? ?????????? (???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????) ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????-??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????-??????? ???? ????????? ?????, ??????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????, ???????, ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????-??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??, ????? ?? ????????? ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????-??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 2007 ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? "????? ?? ?? ?????????" ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ???????? 2010 ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????, ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? "????-???????" ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? "?????-???????" ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, "????-???????" ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??, ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? "????? ??? ??? ?????????" ?? "???? ????? ??" ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????, ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ????-??????? ??????? ?? 21??? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ???????? ??????-????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? 1990 ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? "??? ???? ??????" ?? ????? ??? ??, ???? 2014 ?? ??? "???? ????" ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???-??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ????-??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Indo-Pacific, Quad

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Semicarpus anacardium (Bhallataka) is a widely used Ayurvedic drug possessing Kaphavatahara properties, known for potent therapeutic actions after proper Shodhana (purification). However, direct or improper use of its oil may cause toxic skin reactions manifesting - itching, redness, and vesicle formation. This case report presents a 26-year- old female who developed acute contact dermatitis after exposure to Semicarpus anacardium taila. Ayurvedic management with Avipattikar Churna, Dushivishari Gulika, Godugdha Dhara, and Durva Amrutadi Ghrita led to marked improvement within seven days. The case demonstrates the effectiveness of Ayurvedic management in Bhallataka Visha Vikara and emphasizes the importance of Shodhana before use of Upavisha Dravya

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Semicarpus anacardium, Bhallataka Visha, allergic reaction, Dushivishari Gulika, Avipattikar Churna, Durva Amrutadi Ghrita

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a transformative shift in India's educational approach, emphasizing the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS). The NEP acknowledges the importance of preserving and advancing India's rich legacy in areas such as philosophy, language, science, and the arts. It recognizes that IKS offers valuable perspectives that can enhance modern education. By focusing on interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary knowledge, the policy seeks to integrate traditional Indian wisdom with contemporary learning to address present and future challenges. NEP aims to inspire the next generation to appreciate the significance of traditional knowledge in shaping the world. However, the implementation of this vision faces several challenges, including limited resources, resistance to change, and the need for a standardized framework for validating and certifying traditional knowledge. This paper explores the significance, strategies, and challenges of incorporating IKS into higher education, highlighting its potential to create a more balanced and enriched educational ecosystem.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), National Education Policy (NEP), Multidisciplinary Education, Higher Education, Challenges

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bathing practices for newborns vary across cultures, but evidence suggests that early bathing may adversely affect thermoregulation and disturb the natural protective skin flora. This study assessed the effect of bath given after 24 hours of birth on body temperature and skin flora among newborns admitted in a selected hospital in Indore. A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted among 100 healthy term newborns. Body temperature was measured using a digital axillary thermometer, and skin swabs were collected before and after the bath. Results revealed a statistically significant but clinically safe reduction in mean body temperature after the bath (p < 0.05) and mild, non-harmful changes in skin flora. Findings support WHO recommendations of delaying the first bath beyond 24 hours to promote thermoregulation and preserve beneficial skin flora. The study concludes that newborn bathing after 24 hours is safe and maintains physiological parameters within acceptable limits.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Newborn care, bathing after 24 hours, body temperature, skin flora, thermoregulation, neonatal health, vernix caseosa, newborn bathing practices, Indore, quasi-experimental study

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

FGM comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is a profound and pervasive form of gender-based violence, a violation of fundamental human rights, and a deeply entrenched harmful practice that affects millions of women and girls globally. Despite a near-universal consensus on its harm and widespread legal prohibition, the practice persists, sustained by deeply rooted social norms, gender inequality, and systemic failures to protect the most vulnerable. This research paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of FGM from an international human rights and legal perspective. Starting with a deconstruction of the definition, typology, and the dangerous trend of medicalization, it then investigates the complex web of historical, socio-cultural, and economic drivers that perpetuate the practice, systematically debunking the myths used to justify it. Situated at the core of the paper is a detailed legal-doctrinal analysis framing FGM as a clear violation of non-derogable rights, including the right to life, the right to be free from torture, the right to health, and the specific rights of the child and women. The paper examines the evolution of the international and regional legal frameworks, including the Maputo Protocol and the Istanbul Convention, before turning to national-level case studies-a trio of Egypt, Kenya, and the United Kingdom-highlighting the persistent and tragic "implementation gap" between law and reality. It covers primary challenges to eradication, including cross-border FGM and the co-option of health professionals. The paper concludes that legal prohibition, while essential, is insufficient. Legal enforcement needs to be combined with community-led social norm change, robust education, the economic empowerment of women, and active engagement by men and boys in a multi-sectoral approach.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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FGM, gender-based violence, harmful traditional practice, human rights, integrity of the person's body, right to health, rights of the child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW, the Maputo Protocol, medicalization, cross-border FGM, social norms, gender inequality, eradication.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the way full-stack web development should be implemented to create faster, smarter and more adaptive web applications. Machine learning, natural language processing and automation tools are becoming increasingly popular in modern systems to assist in certain features like intelligent chatbots, predictive analytics, and automated testing [1], [2]. The combination of AI APIs with MERN and MEAN stack has enhanced scalability, personalization and backend effectiveness [4], [3]. These intelligent systems are also enhanced in terms of reliability by DevOp practices such as CI/CD pipelines, Docker and cloud deployment. The examples of case studies in e-commerce and education demonstrate a significant enhancement in the user interaction, system responsiveness, and learning outcomes with the help of AI-based solutions [6], [5]. This review points to the latest developments, issues of implementing AI processes, and the increasing opportunities of creating future full-stack apps that are autonomous, efficient, and adaptive to users.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial Intelligence(AI), Full Stack Development, Machine Learning(ML), MERN Stack, Automation in Web Applications, Natural Language Processing(NLP),AI-Driven Web Systems, Chatbot Integration, Intelligent User Experience(IUX)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition