Volume 12 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Abstract: This research examines the impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability in rural India. With the proliferation of digital technologies, particularly mobile phones and internet connectivity, financial services have become more accessible to previously underserved rural populations. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of survey data with qualitative insights from interviews and case studies. Key findings indicate that digital finance has significantly enhanced financial inclusion in rural India by providing access to formal financial services, such as banking, payments, savings, and credit. Mobile banking, digital wallets, and payment apps have emerged as pivotal tools in empowering rural communities to manage their finances conveniently and securely. Moreover, government-led initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) have leveraged digital platforms to extend financial services to the last mile, ensuring direct benefit transfers and subsidy payments reach rural beneficiaries efficiently. Furthermore, digital finance has facilitated the integration of rural economies into the formal financial system, reducing their reliance on informal and often exploitative financial services. By lowering transaction costs, increasing transparency, and improving financial literacy, digital finance has contributed to the economic empowerment of rural populations, particularly women and marginalized groups. However, challenges persist, including digital literacy gaps, infrastructure limitations, and cyber security risks. Addressing these challenges will require concerted efforts from policymakers, financial institutions, and technology providers to ensure the sustainable and inclusive growth of digital finance in rural India. In conclusion, this research underscores the transformative impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability in rural India, highlighting its potential to drive economic development, empower marginalized communities, and strengthen the resilience of rural financial systems in the digital age.

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 Keywords

digital finance ,financial inclusion ,Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

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Crossandra infundibuliformis, commonly known as the firecracker flower, is widely utilized in traditional medicinal practices such as Ayurveda and Siddha for the treatment of various conditions, including diabetes, leprosy, ulcers, headaches, conjunctivitis, and skin disorders. This study aims to evaluate the antipsychotic potential of ethanolic extracts derived from the leaves of Crossandra infundibuliformis. The leaf extracts were prepared using the maceration method. Two doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of the Crossandra infundibuliformis leaf extract were selected and administered for 21 days for rats and 15 days for the mice, to evaluate their antipsychotic activity. The antipsychotic effects were assessed using the Pole Climb Avoidance Test in rats, where Haloperidol at a dose of 1 mg/kg (i.p.) served as the standard, and the Ketamine-induced stereotypic behaviour model in mice, with Olanzapine at a dose of 5 mg/kg (i.p.) as the reference drug. The ethanolic extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis leaves demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats, as indicated by an increased amount of time spent on the grid floor. In the ketamine-induced stereotypic behaviour model in mice, administration of the extract over 15 days significantly reduced behaviours such as falling, weaving, head-bobbing, and turning. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis exhibits significant antipsychotic activity in experimental animals.

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Antipsychotic activity, Crossandra infundibuliformis leaf, Olanzapine, Pole-climbing, Stereotypic behaviour.

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This research investigates the potential antidiabetic properties of the ethanolic extract derived from the leaves of Mesua ferrea L in a rat model. The study extracted Mesua ferrea L. (MFLE) leaves using ethanol, followed by phytochemical analysis. Diabetes was induced in Wistar albino rats using Alloxan (100 mg/kg) and Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Two oral doses of MFLE (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) were tested, with a control group receiving Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). The effects were assessed by fasting blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles, and histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and triterpenoids. Diabetic rats treated with both doses of MFLE had a significant drop in blood glucose levels, showing a dose-dependent effect. Microscopic examination revealed clear regeneration of pancreatic ?-cells in the MFLE-treated groups, suggesting a healing effect similar to Glibenclamide. The results of this study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Mesua ferrea L leaves has promising antidiabetic activity, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing diabetes mellitus induced by Alloxan and Streptozotocin.

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Alloxan, Antidiabetic activity, Mesua ferrea L, Streptozotocin

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This paper presents a review of Vivekananda's Philosophy to india.Swami Vivekananda was such a personality who even today lives in the core of our hearts. His philosophy is still a guiding source of inspiration for India as well as the entire world. His new understanding of religion, new approach towards man, concept of East-West, contribution to India, contribution to Hinduism, are still relevant in giving us knowledge. Swami Vivekananda clearly defined and strengthened the feeling of unity as a nation. Swamiji gave Indians the knowledge of the great spiritual heritage of their country and thus made them proud of their past. That is, he told Indians the shortcomings of Western culture and told them the need for India's contribution to remove these shortcomings. The feeling of unity, pride in the past, the feeling of mission were the factors that gave new strength to the nationalist movement of India.

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Vivekananda's , philosophy, knowledge, contribution

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The gut microbiome-brain axis is a multifaceted and dynamic communication network between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system that has been increasingly recognized for its profound influence on both behaviour and brain function. A growing body of research suggests that the modulation of this axis by probiotics, which are live beneficial microorganisms, holds considerable potential for enhancing brain health and addressing various mental health issues. Probiotics, by influencing the gut microbiota, have demonstrated the ability to affect neurotransmitter production, improve gut barrier integrity, and modulate immune responses. These effects provide promising therapeutic avenues for treating a range of conditions, including stress, anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the mechanisms through which probiotics exert their influence, with a focus on immune regulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and gut barrier enhancement, among others. Clinical trials support the efficacy of specific strains in improving mental health outcomes, although strain-specific side effects, dosage accuracy, and long-term safety considerations remain challenges. By integrating findings from microbiology, neuroscience, and clinical research, this review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of probiotics as a novel and adjunctive therapeutic strategy for brain health, with a view toward guiding future research in this emerging field of neuropsychiatry. The review seeks to inform future studies and encourage the development of targeted probiotic therapies to enhance mental and cognitive health outcomes.

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Probiotics, Gut - Brain Axis, Microbiota

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The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme provides Indian farmers with easy access to low-interest credit for their agricultural and personal financial needs, but challenges such as credit adequacy, repayment difficulties, and inefficient access remain. The objective of this study is to analyze the credit utilization pattern of farmers in Sohna tehsil of Gurugram district (Haryana), under the KCC Scheme to focus on their perceptions of credit adequacy and effectiveness of the scheme and to study their repayment behavior and the challenges faced by them. In this quantitative descriptive study, six villages were selected using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique in the first phase and 20 farmers were selected in each selected village using a simple random sampling technique in the second phase, resulting in a sample of 120 farmers from Sohna tehsil. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS using statistical techniques such as percentage, ranking, pie-chart, and t-test to understand the credit usage pattern, repayment behavior, and farmers' perception towards the KCC scheme. The findings highlighted favorable perceptions of the KCC scheme by small farmers. However, significant gaps in meeting the larger financial needs of medium and large farmers were also observed. The study concluded with three major recommendations to address the funding gap for medium and large farmers in the KCC scheme.

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Kisan Credit Card Scheme, Farmer Loan, Agricultural Credit, Loan Utilization, Loan Adequacy.

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V2O5 with orthorhombic layered structure. The importance of ARE technique an attempt was made to prepare V2O5 thin film at various oxygen partial pressures and substrate temperatures keeping the glow power at 6W. Activated reactive evaporated V2O5 thin films are found to be uniform and well adherent to the substrate surface. It is observed that stoichiometric V2O5 thin films with better crystalline nature and optical properties can be obtained by a proper control of deposition parameters such as substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the films deposited in an oxygen partial pressure of 5xl0-4 Torr, and at substrate temperature 523 K, exhibited predominantly (001) orientation with a grain size of about 200 nm. For the films deposited at lower oxygen partial pressures the intensity of (001) peak slightly reduced with a relative growth of hexagonal (h00) orientations. The effect of substrate temperature on the structure of V2O5 films was also studied by keeping oxygen partial pressure at 5x10-4 Torr. The V2O5 films formed at Ts < 423 K were found to be amorphous in nature. The grain size was observed to be increased with increase of substrate temperature. The IR absorption bands were broad and poorly resolved for the films deposited at a substrate temperature < 473 K. The high frequency IR bands corresponding to symmetric and anti-symmetric vibrations of V=O are observed at1020 cm-l, 992 cm-1 respectively for the films deposited at Ts= 523 K. The IR active modes correspond to V-O-V stretching vibration appeared at 815 cm-1 The effect of oxygen partial pressure and substrate temperature on the optical properties of V2O5 thin films were studied from the optical transmission and reflection data in the wavelength range 350-2500 nm. 5x 10-4 Torr is 2.35 eV. The films prepared at lower oxygen partial pressures (5x 10-4 Torr) exhibited a significant broad band absorption in the near infrared region and the optical absorption edge shifted towards lower energy region indicating the sub stoichiometric nature of the films. There is no significant variation in the optical band gap of V2O5 thin films with substrate temperature.

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GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF V2O5

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Pediatric dental care presents unique challenges when children are experiencing respiratory infections. Respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, flu, or more severe conditions like pneumonia, can significantly affect a child's immune response and overall health, prompting important considerations for dental treatment. This article explores the critical factors that influence the decision to proceed with or postpone dental procedures for children suffering from respiratory tract infections. We review the physiological effects of respiratory infections on the oral cavity and discuss the potential risks of conducting dental treatments during active illness, including increased infection risk, respiratory distress, and complications related to anesthesia. Additionally, we highlight guidelines and best practices for pediatric dentists in evaluating the severity of the infection, the type of dental procedure required, and the child's overall health. Ultimately, the article aims to provide a comprehensive approach for dental professionals and parents in making informed decisions about timing dental care for children with respiratory infections. By balancing the need for timely treatment with the risks of exacerbating health issues, dental practitioners can ensure safe and effective care for their young patients.

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Oral Micro Eco System, Respiratory Disease, Oral Health.

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The intellectual property system protects creativity and discovery and prevents the exploitation of inventions. A trademark means any signs and symbols, design, expression, tagline, logo, abbreviation, which recognize or identifies a product. Several types of trademarks are available, such as wordmark, logo, logo composite mark, service mark, product mark, color mark, sound mark, collective mark, certification mark, shape mark, etc. In the process of registration, several steps are involved in getting registered. Once the Trademark gets registered, the applicant enjoys benefits like exclusive identity, never-ending trademark registration, a shield of the product, etc. This paper is attempts to detailed process that an applicant must follow the procedure as per the Trademark Act, 1999 to get the trademark protection through registration and also highlights the advantages of registration.

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Registration, Trademark Act, Protection, Renewal.

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Hamstring tightness is a prevalent issue among young individuals, often linked to sedentary lifestyles. This study aimed to compare the immediate effects of suboccipital muscle inhibition and passive stretching on improving hamstring tightness. Forty participants (aged 17-25) were randomly divided into two groups: one receiving suboccipital inhibition and the other passive stretching. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in hamstring flexibility, as measured by the popliteal angle and sit-and-reach test, following a single session of their respective interventions. This suggests that both techniques are equally effective in addressing hamstring tightness, offering potential therapeutic options for individuals experiencing this common musculoskeletal condition.

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- Suboccipital Inhibition Technique, Passive Stretching, Hamstring Tightness, Comparison

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