Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

The present study investigates the interrelationship among Economic Growth, Exports, and Imports in India by employing advanced time series econometric techniques such as Cointegration analysis, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and the Granger Causality test. The primary objective of this study is to examine both the long-run and short-run dynamics among these key macroeconomic variables that play a pivotal role in shaping India's economic performance. The analysis is based on secondary time series data covering the period from 1991-92 to 2022-23, corresponding to the post-liberalization era characterized by major economic reforms and increased openness to international trade. The results of the Johansen cointegration test confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among Economic Growth, Exports, and Imports in India, indicating that these variables move together over time and are jointly influenced by underlying economic forces. The findings from the VECM further reveal the presence of a short-run adjustment mechanism, suggesting that deviations from long-run equilibrium are corrected over time, albeit gradually. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis provides deeper insights into the direction of causality among the variables. The results indicate that Exports Granger-cause GDP, and GDP Granger-causes Exports, signifying a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and exports. However, in the case of imports, the findings show that GDP Granger-causes Imports, while Imports do not Granger-cause GDP, implying a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to imports. This suggests that India's rising income and production levels drive the demand for imports, whereas imports themselves do not significantly influence the country's economic growth. Overall, the study underscores the crucial role of exports in stimulating economic growth and highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced trade structure to sustain long-term economic development in India.

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 Keywords

Agriculture, Globalization, Liberalization, Exports, Economic Growth, Industry, Imports, International Trade.

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Effect of government intervention in the pricing of agricultural produce: A study of bhawanter scheme

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Effect of government intervention in the pricing of agricultural produce: A study of bhawanter scheme

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The present research is an attempt to observe how ESG-focused mutual funds differ from traditional non ESG mutual funds in Indian capital market. Existing literature shows mixed results regarding ESG funds' performance; some studies reporting outperformance and others showing underperformance relative to traditional funds. The study's primary concern is return and variability. There are three ESG mutual funds (Axis, ICICI, and Aditya Birla) who contribute more than 70% of total cumulative funds size under ESG theme in Indian market. These three mutual funds scheme has been considered for sample. Using monthly net asset value data from 2020 to 2024 we employed t-tests and f-tests to analyze mean returns and variance differences across three major ESG funds and their equity counterparts. Our findings reveal that ESG and equity funds demonstrate statistically distinct risk profiles, despite comparable mean returns. These findings suggest that ESG screening systematically affects portfolio construction and risk characteristics. Further, composition analysis shows that ESG and equity funds hold materially different portfolios despite both investing in the same equity instruments.

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ESG, Mutual Funds, Indian Mutual Fund Market, Risk Analysis, Fund Performance

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India's foundational commitment was based on constitutional pluralism, a structure designed to accommodate the nation's immense diversity by guaranteeing specific rights for religious and linguistic minorities--including autonomy over educational institutions (Article 30) and the freedom of religion (Article 25). However, the current political and legal environment increasingly favors constitutional monism, an ideological drive for uniformity and assimilation. This research identifies two primary mechanisms eroding minority safeguards. First, the judiciary has introduced the Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine, which empowers courts to determine the "core" tenets of a religion. This judicial rationalization allows for the selective state regulation of faith, often undermining the religious autonomy guaranteed to minority groups. Second, exclusionary legislation actively institutionalizes discrimination. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) introduces a religious test for citizenship, fundamentally violating the constitutional mandate of equality. Simultaneously, state-level Anti-Conversion Laws target interfaith relationships and restrict the freedom of conscience, while security laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) are used broadly to silence civil society and minority dissent. The confluence of restrictive laws, judicial overreach, and institutional failure has led to a sustained human rights deficit, fostering a climate of targeted discrimination and impunity. The report concludes that India must urgently adopt institutional reforms and repeal exclusionary laws to restore its secular, pluralistic constitutional identity.

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Keywords: Constitutional Pluralism, Minority Protection, Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Test, Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Secularism

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ABSTRACT: The conventional Indian medicine - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-inflammatory as well as wound healing properties. Wounds are injuries that cause a break or disruption in the continuity of the skin, mucous membranes, or underlying soft tissues. They can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, burns, or pressure. Wound healing can be defined as a complex, dynamic, and well-coordinated process that results in the restoration of the anatomical continuity and physiological function of injured tissues. Various plant products have been used in the treatment of wounds over the years. Wound healing herbal extracts promote blood clotting, fight infection, and accelerate the healing of wounds. Hence in the current review, a list of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds was screened. Conducting detailed research on wound healing, health, and the development of safe, effective, and globally accepted herbal formulations for the treatment of cuts and wounds is of great importance to the scientific community.

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Index Terms - wound, wound healing, plant products.

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India has seen a sharp increase in stressed assets, mostly in public sector banks. There are several discernible reasons that have contributed to this state of affairs. These include the global slowdown, problems with governance, political reasons, and wrongdoing and malice. As a result, both the general people and the Union Government, which essentially controls public sector banks, suffer large losses. As a result, the Non-Performing Asset increases. Using this chance, a thorough investigation into the causes of the declining asset quality in public sector banks is necessary. Four years' worth of data, from F.Y. 2012-13-02 to 2015-16, have been examined to determine the effect of stress advances.

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Non-Performing Assts, Stressed Advances, Government Banks

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Abstract: Agriculture is a vital industry that supports the global economy, and plant diseases are a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. Quickly and accurately identifying plant diseases is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Traditional methods of detecting diseases depend on manual observation and expert knowledge. These methods can be slow, subjective, and prone to mistakes. To tackle these issues, this research introduces an automated plant disease detection system that uses deep learning techniques. The proposed model uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract features and classify diseased and healthy plant leaves. The dataset includes images of various crop leaves affected by different diseases. We apply image preprocessing techniques like resizing, normalization, and data augmentation to improve the model's performance. Additionally, using pre-trained architectures like ResNet for transfer learning boosts accuracy and lowers computational costs. The trained model shows high precision and recall, proving its ability to identify multiple disease types with minimal human input. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach greatly surpasses traditional machine learning methods in classification accuracy and generalization. This work shows how deep learning-based systems can help farmers and agricultural experts detect diseases early, which can enhance crop yield and reduce losses. Future work plans to integrate the model into a mobile application for real-time disease identification and field use.

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Key Terms - Artificial Intelligence (AI), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning, Image Classification, Plant Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture, Machine Learning, Computer Vision.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy, affecting approximately 4-14% of pregnancies worldwide. It results from insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction caused by placental hormones such as human placental lactogen, progesterone, and cortisol. Uncontrolled GDM poses risks for both the mother and fetus, including macrosomia, preeclampsia, and future development of Type 2 diabetes.Physiotherapy plays a vital role in managing GDM by promoting glucose control, improving insulin sensitivity, maintaining optimal body weight, and enhancing overall maternal health. Structured exercise programs including aerobic exercises (walking, swimming, cycling), resistance training, and flexibility routines help regulate blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Following the FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principle, moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, combined with strength training twice weekly, is recommended.This study emphasizes that physiotherapy-based exercise interventions are safe, effective, and essential components of GDM management when integrated with medical nutrition therapy and pharmacological care. Regular physiotherapy-guided physical activity improves metabolic control, reduces insulin requirements, and contributes to healthier pregnancy outcomes for both mother and child.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Physiotherapy, Exercise Therapy, Insulin Resistance, Pregnancy, Aerobic Exercise, Strength Training.

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"Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal OPD in Tertiary Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim" Memory Manner1, Binita Khati2, Sonam Zangmu Sherpa3 1M.Sc. Nursing Student, 2Professor HOD OBG Nursing Dept, 3Associate Professor, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Abstract Introduction: One of the most prevalent health issues affecting pregnant women worldwide is urinary incontinence (UI), often known as the involuntary flow of urine. Urinary Incontinence is the term for when a person is unable to contain her urine effectively. This is a typical issue that arises and gets worse throughout pregnancy. Statistics show that 423 million (21.6%) women received UI diagnoses in 2018, making it one of the biggest regional burdens in Asia. Aims and objectives: The study was conducted to assess the Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal checkup in Tertiary Care Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim. Method: A pre-experimental one group pretest-post-test Research study was conducted with 63 First Trimester pregnant women who were attending antenatal check-up. Non-Probability Purposive Sampling Technique was used. Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS) was used to measured Urinary Incontinence in pregnant women then a pelvic floor muscle exercise was taught to the pregnant women who had urinary incontinence with the help of flyer (comprises of steps and benefits of pelvic floor muscle exercise). They were asked to practice the same for 30 minutes for a period of one months. Post test was done after one month. Result: The pre-test results shows that 7(11.1%) of the first trimester pregnant women have severe urinary continence, followed by 31(49.2%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 25(39.6%) mild urinary incontinence. Whereas, in the post-test results shows that none of the first trimester have severe urinary continence, followed by 7(11.1%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 39(61.9%) mild urinary incontinence and 17(27%) have no urinary incontinence. Hence, findings indicates that pelvic floor muscles exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women, with p*value <0.05 level of significant Conclusion: The study revealed that pelvic floor muscle exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women. The results of this study can be taken into consideration in educating Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise to every Pregnant woman during their antenatal visits, in order to reduce the risk of Urinary Incontinence among them.

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Keywords: urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle exercise, first trimester pregnant women

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In today's fast-paced academic setting, students often find it hard to keep up with attendance tracking, assignment submissions, and managing tasks across various platforms. This system solves that problem by providing a single digital portal that combines key academic and productivity tools into one user-friendly web interface. It includes features like an Attendance Tracker, To-Do and Task Manager, Assignment Tracker, and Resource Repository. This setup gives students a complete view of their academic performance and responsibilities. By using predictive analytics and helpful reminders, the system helps students make better choices about attendance and deadlines. This approach lowers mental strain, improves time management, and encourages a more organized learning routine. Overall, the platform seeks to simplify academic tasks, promoting efficiency, engagement, and better academic discipline in students.

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Student Portal, Academic Dashboard, Attendance Management, Task Tracking, Assignment Monitoring, Resource Repository, Web Application, Educational Technology, Productivity Tool, Time Management.

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