Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

One of the most important functional areas of management is financial performance since a company's ability to operate effectively is heavily reliant on how well its financial resources are used. Since retained earnings provide a significant percentage of the investment money needed to maintain an ongoing business, an enterprise's potential for expansion is also influenced by its financial performance. The last ten years have seen a significant increase in the significance of financial management because of persistent inflation. The manufacturing, power and energy, service, and retail sectors' financial activities have all been significantly impacted. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. It has also resulted in a rise in the amount of money required to run retail operations. The sector's current working capital needs and financial expenditures for expansion, modernization, and replacement have significantly increased. As a result, the challenge of generating more funds falls on financial managers. The government strategy of limiting the amount of loanable cash has made their task more challenging. For finance managers in the retail industry, their responsibilities are more demanding, crucial, and complicated all at once.

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 Keywords

Profitability, net profit, operating profit, Financial Performance.

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The present study is concerned with the multifaceted challenges of access to quality school education among higher secondary students in the Tenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. Amidst efforts by the government for the universalization of education, the concept of "quality" remains elusive and unevenly distributed. The sample comprises 100 higher secondary students, and key demographic and institutional variables have been analyzed in the study: gender, locality (Urban/Rural), type of school (Government/Private), and medium of instruction (Tamil/English). The findings indicate significant disparities in the perceived and actual access to quality education. Students reported more difficulties with regards to infrastructure, digital resources, and English language proficiency from rural localities and government schools. Though there were no significant differences observed in accessing educational facilities regarding gender disparities, there were some differences observed in subject choices and career guidance. The medium of instruction turned out to be a critical differentiator, with the English medium showing a significant advantage in access to information related to higher education and employment. The study concludes that a one-size-fits-all policy is insufficient and prescribes differential intervention in terms of upgrading the infrastructure in rural and government schools, teacher training, and bridging the English language divide, ensuring quality education on equal terms to all in Tenkasi District.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Quality Education, Access, Higher Secondary, Tenkasi, Rural-Urban Divide, Medium of Instruction, School Type.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay will discuss the way Divakaruni has subverted this myth by making Draupadi to talk, and not to remain a passive character that she is turned into a symbol of resistance and agency, and self-realization. The paper also analyses the way the author incorporates myth, history and feminism to get a fresh narrative that redefines empowerment in patriarchal society.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay

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This paper introduces Pawsitivity Petkart, a web-based platform designed to streamline pet adoption and the sale of pet-related products through a unified digital system. The platform offers an interactive interface that enables users to explore available pets, view product details, and complete secure online transactions. It also provides administrators and sellers with tools to manage inventories, update listings, and monitor sales performance. The system is implemented using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and MySQL, ensuring efficient data management and transaction reliability. By addressing issues such as geographical constraints and limited transparency in traditional pet stores, the proposed solution enhances accessibility and user trust. Future development aims to incorporate machine learning for personalized recommendations and IoT-based modules for intelligent petcare management, thereby fostering a responsible and technology-driven pet ownership environment.

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Online Pet Shop, E-Commerce, Pet Adoption, Web Application, IoT, Pet Management System

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Performance appraisal is a critical human resource tool used to evaluate employee performance, identify strengths and weaknesses, and guide HR planning. In private limited companies, effective appraisal systems help enhance employee motivation, productivity, and organisational growth. This research investigates the effects of performance appraisal on employee motivation and organisational outcomes in Indian private limited companies. Data were collected from 120 employees across five private companies, and a detailed statistical analysis (correlation, regression, mean comparisons) was conducted. Results show a strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between employee satisfaction with appraisal systems and job motivation. Regression analysis further reveals that performance appraisal practices explain 61% of the variance in employee motivation. The study concludes that companies with transparent, structured, and feedback-oriented appraisal systems experience significantly higher performance outcomes.

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Keywords Performance Appraisal, Employee Motivation, Private Limited Companies, Feedback Quality, Appraisal Fairness, Organisational Performance, Reward Systems, Human Resource Management, Employee Satisfaction, Productivity, Evaluation Techniques, Performance Management, Regression Analysis, Job Performance, Employee Engagement

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The EDPs focus mainly on skill development among the participants. The skill sets that are sought to be developed are broadly of two types, viz., Hard skills and Soft skills. Hard skills refer to technical and managerial skills. On the other hand, Soft skills refer to cognitive and behavioural skills in areas such as positive thinking, creativity, communication, interpersonal relationship, problem solving, decision making and so on.

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Social status, Econmc status, entreprenurship etc

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The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has significantly transformed the landscape of medical device innovation. This technology offers immense potential for personalized healthcare solutions, including patient-specific implants, prosthetics, surgical tools, and tissue scaffolds. However, the integration of 3D printed devices into mainstream healthcare systems presents complex regulatory challenges globally. Regulatory bodies such as the U.S. FDA, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and India's CDSCO are striving to develop adaptive frameworks that address the unique aspects of 3D printing, including material variability, device reproducibility, and post-processing validation. This abstract explores the evolving global regulatory landscape for 3D printed medical devices by highlighting key challenges such as classification ambiguities, quality control, risk assessment, and traceability. It also discusses existing and emerging standards issued by organizations like ISO, ASTM, and IEC, which aim to harmonize manufacturing protocols and testing procedures. Compliance pathways vary significantly across jurisdictions, impacting product approval timelines and market access. Additionally, the abstract emphasizes the need for international harmonization, real-time regulatory feedback, and collaborative innovation to ensure patient safety while fostering technological growth. A robust, risk-based approach incorporating design controls, software validation (for CAD and simulation tools), and additive manufacturing-specific Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is crucial for regulatory acceptance. This work concludes by recommending strategies for manufacturers to navigate the complex compliance environment, including early regulatory engagement, adoption of standardized processes, and investment in post-market surveillance systems.

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3D printed medical devices, additive manufacturing, global regulatory landscape, FDA, EMA, CDSCO, ISO/ASTM standards, compliance pathways, personalized medicine, device classification.

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The article investigates the use of ethnographic methods in research focused on English Language Teaching, that highlights the ability to uncover the cultural, social and interactional aspects of classroom environments. Ethnography, which has its roots in anthropology and qualitative research, offers a detailed understanding of language teaching and learning by documenting the actual experiences of students and teachers in authentic settings. Based on both traditional and modern studies, this article demonstrates how ethnographic techniques such as participant observation, interviews, and cultural analysis shed light on topics related to learner identity, classroom interactions, and intercultural communication. Additionally, it addresses the methodological challenges and ethical considerations involved in conducting ethnographic research while emphasizing its potential to promote contextually relevant and inclusive teaching practices. The article concludes that ethnographic research provides essential insights into the intricacies of learning English in various sociocultural contexts, establishing it as a crucial element of ELT scholarship.

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Ethnography, Learner identity, Cultural Contexts, Classroom Dynamics

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The regulatory landscape for medical devices in the United States has undergone a profound transformation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) issuance of the Quality Management System Regulation (QMSR) final rule on February 2, 2024. This rule, effective February 2, 2026, fundamentally overhauls the longstanding Quality System Regulation (QSR) under 21 CFR Part 820 by incorporating the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13485:2016 standard by reference. Designed to foster global harmonization, the QMSR aligns U.S. current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) with international benchmarks, alleviating compliance redundancies for manufacturers operating in multifaceted markets. This shift emphasizes the integration of risk management, lifecycle oversight, and interdisciplinary pharmacology into device governance. Drawing on the FDA's economic analysis, the QMSR is projected to yield annualized net cost savings of $532 million at a 7% discount rate, while enhancing device safety and accelerating market access. This review delineates the historical evolution, core amendments, transitional hurdles, case studies, global comparisons, and pedagogical value of the QMSR, underscoring its role in elevating patient-centric innovation amid evolving pharmaco-regulatory paradigms. As of September 2025, with the transition period underway, manufacturers are urged to conduct gap analyses to mitigate risks.

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 Keywords

Quality Management System Regulation (QMSR), Quality System Regulation (QSR), ISO 13485:2016, Medical Device CGMP, Regulatory Harmonization, Risk Management, Combination Products, Pharmacovigilance, MDSAP

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The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC; ca. 3300-1300 BCE) represents a foundational ecotone of genetic admixture, fluvial reconfiguration, and Dravidian-Para-Munda-Indo-Aryan linguistic syntaxis, elucidated through Rakhigarhi ancient DNA (aDNA) and Quaternary proxies. This synthesis integrates Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI)-Iranian clines (~11-50% AASI; ~50-89% Iranian Neolithic) with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) finite mixture modeling, delineating Late Harappan (LH; 1900-1300 BCE) de-urbanization via Ghaggar-Hakra desiccation. The Vedic Sarasvati conundrum--hymnal perennial versus ephemeral relic--is reconciled against Helmand/Arghandab Avestan antecedents, constrained by pre-Holocene diversions (~10-15 ka). Refined linguistic chronometry--from undeciphered IVC script (~3300 BCE) and Proto-Dravidian/Para-Munda substrates (~2500 BCE) to Adi Tamil branching (~600 BCE), Tamil-Brahmi attestations (~6th c. BCE; Keezhadi corpus), Brahmi-Prakrits (~3rd c. BCE), and Vedic/Classical Sanskrit (~1500-500 BCE)--elucidates multilayered syntaxis: Dravidian retroflex phonemes and syntactic calques alongside Para-Munda prefixing lexicon (~300 agricultural/village loans) in Indo-Aryan, bridging the ~1000-year LH-Vedic interstice. Keezhadi excavations (2014-2025) furnish epigraphic anchors for Dravidian urbanism, percolating IVC motifs to Sangam literacy. Banjara geeli/sokala encode cataclysmic exile. Bayesian multiproxy fusion (OxCal/RLum) affirms eco-percolative hybridity, eschewing rupture.

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Rakhigarhi aDNA, Ghaggar-Hakra paleochannel, Sarasvati-Helmand nexus, Keezhadi Tamil-Brahmi, Proto-Dravidian/Para-Munda substrate, OSL finite mixtures, Banjara sokala, Indo-Aryan chronometry, linguistic syntaxis

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