Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Abstract: Nepal serves as a buffer between China's Tibetan region and India's economic and demographic core. In the 1940s-50s, when there was a wave of democratisation in South Asia, Nepal also experienced its democracy. Although Nepal's democratic journey is unlike other South Asian states like India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, which emerged as independent states from the colonial British rule, Nepal experienced its democracy by gaining freedom from the Oligarchic Rana rulers. Nepal experienced democracy in many phases, but we can see from the very first, when Nepal was formed, there was a lack of egalitarianism. Prithvi Narayan Shah, who significantly shaped the modern state of Nepal by conquering and annexing numerous small kingdoms, gave the high-caste Hindus from the hill region a significant upper hand in the political sphere, which created discontent among the various ethnic groups in Nepal. Political representation, social, economic inclusion in the Nepali state, citizenship, and languages are critical concerns that fuel significant dissatisfaction among the marginalised communities of Nepal. This article examines the struggle of marginalised communities for equality and justice in the democratic transition phases of Nepal. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part examines the various phases of democratic transformation in Nepal. The second chapter discusses the challenges faced by marginalised communities that hinder their inclusion in the nation-state of Nepal. The third part highlights the demands and the reality of inclusion in Nepal's democratic transformation.

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democracy, inclusion, Nepal, marginalised communities.

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Abstract: Robotic technologies are emerging as promising tools in pharmaceutical drug delivery to overcome long-standing challenges in global healthcare. Robotic pills are designed to bypass enzymatic degradation and first-pass metabolism, thereby enhancing systemic bioavailability and enabling the delivery of optimal therapeutic doses without reliance on frequent injections. This approach improves patient acceptance and reduces the burden associated with needle-based administration. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides, however, is hindered by toxicity concerns, high production costs, and poor stability in the gastrointestinal environment. Issues such as injection-related discomfort and treatment non-adherence can be minimized through innovative oral delivery systems. Because luminal mucus represents a major barrier to macromolecule absorption, advanced robotic capsules have been engineered to overcome this limitation. One such system, the RoboCap, is an ingestible robotic capsule designed to enhance drug mixing, clear the mucus layer, and deposit drug directly onto the intestinal surface to improve absorption. These innovations demonstrate the potential of robotic pills to provide a safe, effective, and patient-friendly alternative to parenteral administration of bio therapeutics.

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Keywords: Robotic pills, oral drug delivery, Bio therapeutics, mucus -penetrating systems

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Sustainable development, which has become the priority study of architectural design, is receiving increasing attention with global climate change. At the same time, the building industry is urgently changing towards intelligent and digitalized tendencies. As a result, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT) make crucial contributions to the transforming process. However, there is little knowledge of the integration of BIM-IoT in sustainable building from a macro perspective. Moreover, most existing research adopts a literature review method and lacks objective quantitative analysis. Controlled terms and subject terms statistics from the Engineering Index core database search results are also used to briefly examine the research frontiers and hotspots as obtained from Cite space. The results show that: (1) The research on BIM-IoT integration focuses on building intelligence with BIM as the basis of application, and research on BIM-IoT integration within the field of sustainable building is currently focused on the first three phases of the life cycle. (2) The development of sustainable buildings needs to be considered on its human and social dimensions. BIM provides a platform for sharing information and communication among stakeholders involved in the building's entire life cycle. At the same time, IoT allows occupants to better participate in buildings' sustainable design and decision making. (3) In the future, more emerging technologies such as cloud computing and big data are required to better promote sustainable buildings and thus realize the construction of sustainable smart cities. At the same time, researchers should also pay attention to the sustainable transformation of existing buildings

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Building Information Modeling (BIM); Internet of Things (IoT); sustainable building; smart cities; information management; building metaverse; life cycle.

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The Indian judiciary's crisis of delay and arrears is closely linked to the design and day to day operation of civil procedure, particularly the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC). This paper examines how specific procedural stages under the CPC--pleadings, service of summons, adjournments, interlocutory applications, appeals, and execution--systematically hinder the efficient functioning of the civil justice system. It argues that while the CPC aspires to ensure fairness and due process, its complexity, coupled with a permissive "tareekh pe tareekh" culture of repeated adjournments, creates multiple points at which litigants can strategically prolong litigation. The analysis draws on doctrinal materials, empirical studies on judicial delay and court performance, and key judicial pronouncements on speedy justice to show that delay is not merely a product of inadequate infrastructure or judge strength, but also of how civil procedure is framed and implemented. The paper critically evaluates past amendments to the CPC aimed at reducing delay--especially the 1999 and 2002 reforms--and assesses why their impact has been uneven across courts. It further explores how emerging technological initiatives and active case management can complement procedural reform, provided they are integrated into the formal and informal practices of trial courts. Ultimately, the paper contends that a calibrated re engineering of civil procedure--tightening control over adjournments and interlocutory practice, streamlining execution, and embedding robust case management norms--can significantly improve judicial efficiency without sacrificing core due process safeguards. The conclusion proposes a set of procedural and administrative recommendations designed to realign the CPC with constitutional commitments to timely and effective access to justice.

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Indian judiciary; judicial efficiency; Code of Civil Procedure; civil procedure; judicial delay; adjournments; case management; execution of decrees; procedural reform.

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Universities consistently produce large and varied quantities of solid waste from teaching, research, administration, and residential use. Proper management of this waste is important to protect environmental quality and reduce human exposure to hazards, with the need to display a model for sustainability among students and school personnel. Solid waste management practices in schools, colleges and university have been reviewed in this paper and the major constraints (operational, financial behavioral regulatory) have been identified and practical strategies & policy recommendations to improve solid waste management performance are proposed. According to the literature review and best practice case examples presented in the study, development of integrated waste management plans (IWMPs), enhanced segregation-at-source principles, strategies for minimisation of waste, potential recovery of valuable resources, involvement of stakeholders and monitoring framework were necessary. The paper ends with a roadmap for institutions looking to move towards circular, low-waste campus operations.

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Solid waste management; educational institutions; waste segregation; recycling; composting; circular campus; waste policy.

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The need for cosmetics is very high in this fast environment. The pharmaceutical industry is the use of cosmetics Growing daily. We use cosmetics every day. Cosmetics should be used on teeth, nails, hair and skincare. Keep in mind Toothpaste, hair oils and hair colour are all considered cosmetics that are used daily by each. Because using artificial Or can cause adverse effects of chemical products, individuals grow organic, natural and Herbal formulation with non -negligible or no side effects.

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Hibiscus flower and leaves, coconut oil ,Neem leaves, hair growth, herbs , amla powder.

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The growth of e-commerce in India has significantly influenced consumer buying patterns, especially during festival seasons such as Onam, Diwali, and Christmas. Consumers are increasingly attracted to online platforms due to attractive discounts, wide product variety, and the convenience of shopping from home. This study examines consumer perception towards e-tailing during festival seasons in Thrissur District. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires from a selected sample of consumers. Quantitative analysis including percentage analysis, ranking method, and chi-square tests was conducted. The findings indicate that consumers value convenience, price benefits, and product variety while shopping online during festivals. Challenges such as delayed delivery and return issues were also noted, providing insights for e-tailers to improve service quality.

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e-tailing, purchase motives, percentage analysis, Chi-square test, Thrissur

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The development of bionic hands has significantly improved the quality of life for individuals with limb loss by restoring essential hand functions. This project presents a bionic hand controlled using vision and voice recognition technologies, offering a more natural and intuitive mode of interaction. The system integrates computer vision to identify objects and determine the appropriate grip type, while voice commands allow the user to control hand movements such as opening, closing, or selecting specific gestures. The hand is powered by microcontrollers, servo motors, and sensors, ensuring precise motion and feedback. By combining artificial intelligence with human-machine interaction, this design enhances the usability, flexibility, and accessibility of prosthetic devices. The proposed model demonstrates how vision and voice-based control can make prosthetic hands more responsive, user-friendly, and adaptive to real-world environments

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ESP32, MG996 Servo Motor, Machine Learning, Jumped Wire

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Abstract: Print advertising encompasses printed advertisements in newspapers, magazines, brochures, and on other printed surfaces, such as posters and outdoor boards. Flexibility in terms of rereading, reading out of order or moving through a publication at one's own pace is ensured in the print media unlike in the others. Since the printed message is less fleeting than broadcast and more concrete, people assimilate more with print. Print advertisements are richer in terms of details of the product/service, have an extravagant imagery and a longer message life. According to Kaptan and Acharya (2000), English newspapers attract forty eight percent of total advertising, earning rupees one thousand and fifty only from advertising alone in 1990 (ORG review, 1991). Operations research review reported that one third of all advertising in the English newspaper segment is for branded consumer goods. News dailies account for eighty seven percent of all advertising as against nearly thirteen percent by Hindi dailies. This in a way proves that news papers carry more prominence as an advertising medium. In this study have three objectives these are to find out the characteristics of the discourse of advertising, To identify key aspects that a consumer is drawn to by an advertisement and To understand the discourse of advertising prompts the desire to buy. in this attempt have been analyze how language play vital role on advertisements and print media.

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Keywords: Language, Advertisement, Fast Moving Consumer Goods

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Maternity benefits are the support provided to women during pregnancy and after childbirth to help them care for their children. Recent studies in India show that the country is matching international standards set by global agreements. This paper provides a clear overview of maternity benefits in India, outlining the recommendations outlined in international rules. It also brings together all the recent research related to this topic in India and compares it with other countries. The paper includes real data and expert advice, plus some personal views. Its goal is to help people in the country understand the laws and benefits connected to maternity easily and straightforwardly.

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maternity, benefits, amendment, leave.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition