Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The banking sector plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country by mobilizing savings, facilitating investments, and supporting financial stability. Among private sector banks in India, HDFC Bank has emerged as one of the leading performers in terms of financial strength, operational efficiency, and profitability. The present study aims to analyse the financial performance and profitability position of HDFC Bank using key financial ratios. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of HDFC Bank for a period of five years from 2019-20 to 2023-24. Various liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios have been applied as analytical tools to evaluate the bank's financial health. The findings reveal that HDFC Bank has maintained consistent profitability, strong capital structure, and efficient utilization of assets during the study period. The study provides useful insights for investors, academicians, and policy makers regarding the financial soundness of HDFC Bank.

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Financial Performance, Profitability Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Private Sector Banks, HDFC Bank

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Index Terms - Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), Hormonal Fluctuations, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

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The Indian Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market is highly competitive and price sensitive, making market entry a challenging task for international brands. Among various market entry strategies, penetration pricing has emerged as an effective approach to attract consumers, encourage trial purchases, and gain rapid market acceptance. This study examines the effectiveness of the penetration pricing strategy adopted by Lotus Biscoff in entering the Indian market. The study is empirical in nature and is based on primary data collected from general consumers such as working professionals, homemakers, and regular FMCG buyers through a structured questionnaire. The research analyses the impact of penetration pricing on consumer purchase behaviour, brand awareness, and overall market acceptance. Descriptive and percentage analysis methods have been used for data interpretation. The findings reveal that penetration pricing significantly influenced trial purchase and positively shaped consumer perception of Lotus Biscoff, thereby contributing to its successful market entry. The study concludes that penetration pricing, when supported by effective branding and distribution, is an effective strategy for international FMCG brands entering emerging markets like India.

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Penetration Pricing, Market Entry Strategy, Indian FMCG Market, Lotus Biscoff, Consumer Behaviour

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND MEDIUM IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN VISAKHAPATNAM SCHOOLS, ANDHRA PRADESH Mr. Syamasundara Rao, Sirla, M.A. (English Litt.), B.Ed. TET, Andara University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Thomas Babington Macaulay is widely recognized for introducing English education in India through his pivotal "Macaulay Minutes" in 1835. In this document, he advocated for English as the medium of instruction, aiming to cultivate a class of Indians who could act as intermediaries between the British rulers and the local populace. His proposals received the endorsement of Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, who officially implemented the policy on March 7, 1835. The history of the English language in India is deeply rooted in British colonialism, starting with trade and evolving into a significant influence in education, administration, and contemporary society. Initially introduced as a means of imperial control by the British East India Company in the early 17th century, English later became a vital tool for India's development and national unity. Its prominence grew in the 19th century, particularly with the 1813 Charter Act and Lord Macaulay's 1835 minute, which established English as the primary medium of instruction to cultivate a class of Indian administrators and professionals. Following India's independence, English continued to hold a crucial role as an official working language, a medium for higher education and administration, and a key instrument for international communication, leading to the emergence of a distinct "Indian English" dialect. Historically, English has been associated with the elite and privileged classes in India. The initial beneficiaries of English education were those who could afford to send their children to English-medium schools, thereby accumulating cultural capital over time. It's important to recognize that not only the language itself but also the way it is spoken--particularly the accent--creates social hierarchies, enabling the privileged to leverage their linguistic skills for social mobility. English medium schools provide advantages such as enhanced global communication, improved career prospects, and access to international resources and higher education, which can foster critical thinking and IT skills. However, they also present challenges, including the marginalization of local languages, potential cognitive overload for young learners, increased financial burdens, and the exclusion of non-English-speaking parents from supporting their children's education. The British established schools and universities in India modelled after their own, placing a strong emphasis on English. Many Indians also pursued their education at British schools and universities. Beginning in 1813, English Christian missionaries arrived in India and set up primary schools where local languages were used for instruction. Eventually, they expanded to create high schools that taught in English, necessitating a good command of the language for Indian students wishing to advance their education. In 1857, the British began constructing their own schools and universities in India, solidifying English as the primary language of education. Prominent leaders of that time endorsed English, viewing it as a crucial pathway to success. Those who were proficient in English were regarded as the new elite in Indian society. Numerous schools were established with English as the medium of instruction, and British regulations mandated that university-level education be conducted in English, making English-medium schools highly sought after by ambitious Indians. Even after India gained independence, English retained its significance. It was officially designated as an associate language, with plans to phase it out within 15 years. However, English continues to play a vital role in India today.

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Keywords: advocated; endorsement; colonialism; prominence; emergence; beneficiaries; accumulating; hierarchies; exclusion; necessitating; solidifying; proficient; ambitious; retained

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A significant shift in learning pattern from traditional book learning environment to digital collaborative learning environment has been observed in 21st century. The convenience use of technology for learning and changing reading habit of people has made the perception of traditional public libraries outdated, also the shift in educational model from rote learning to an experimental and collaborative model, had invited flexible spaces in the learning environment. Considering those changes few successful model libraries have transformed by incorporating current technology using a flexible learning environment and still serving as an asset promoting lifelong learning experience to society. This paper will discuss the evolution of library spaces over years and explore the current successful model in library design with case studies, and helps to find different space that can be tailored with traditional Library design to make it sustain as a hub for learning. The research also highlights the need to design based on five zone spatial framework, merging of compatible spaces and adaption of multiuse space design. Also brings out the challenge faced in terms of architectural components and recommends architectural framework for modern Indian library design. This paper contributes to the disclosure on Library updation and offers insight to architects and others to design modern library through five zone and multiuse space design.

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Evolution of library spaces, Library transformation for 21st century, Modern library planning, Public library design, Successful library design, The five zones of modern library.

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Abstract This paper challenges the terrestrial biases of Indian Ocean historiography by deploying a "Blue Humanities" framework to examine the under-theorized cultural corridor between the Malabar Coast (Kerala) and the Malay Archipelago (Nusantara). By juxtaposing the theoretical architectures of Sebastian Prange's Monsoon Islam and Engseng Ho's The Graves of Tarim with the vernacular literary archive of S.K. Pottekkatt's travelogues (Bali Dweep and Malaya Naadukalil), the study constructs a genealogy of transregional connection. The research argues that the pre-colonial "sacred mobility" defined by the circulation of merchants, Sufis, and Sayyids, evolved into a mid-twentieth-century "secular pilgrimage" characterized by political solidarity and cultural recovery. While Prange and Ho delineate the structural mechanisms of "Monsoon Islam" ie. the port, the mosque, and the genealogy, Pottekkatt's narrative offers a phenomenological account of their afterlife, revealing how ancient maritime networks persisted as "creole kinship" in the modern era. Also, the paper critiques the "nationalist biopolitics" inherent in Pottekkatt's gaze, which privileged Southeast Asia as an extension of an "Indic" civilizational sphere while simultaneously exoticizing it. Ultimately, this research posits the ocean not merely as a conduit for trade, but as a "Monsoon Archive"- a fluid repository of contested identities and shared histories.

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Blue Humanities, Indian Ocean Studies, Monsoon Islam, S.K. Pottekkatt, Kerala-Southeast Asia relations, Vernacular Cosmopolitanism.

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"A Study of Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers"

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"A Study of Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers"

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A Study of The Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers at The B.Ed. And D.L.Ed. Levels in Rural Areas."

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A Study of The Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers at The B.Ed. And D.L.Ed. Levels in Rural Areas."

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Abstract Evidence shows that increasing physical activity and fitness may enhance academic performance, as well as setting aside time throughout the school day for recess, physical education class, and physical exercise in the classroom. According to available information, physical exercise has the greatest impact on mathematics and reading. These themes rely on effective executive function, which has been related to physical exercise and fitness. Academic achievement relies on executive function and brain health. Physical exercise and increased cardiovascular fitness improve basic cognitive skills such as attention and memory, which enable learning. Physical activity, both during single sessions and over time, improves cognitive function and brain health. Children who engage in vigorous or moderately intense physical exercise gain the most. Given the significance of focused time for learning, kids should be given periodic developmentally appropriate physical exercise breaks. Although currently understudied, physically active teachings in the classroom have the potential to enhance time on task and attention to task. Keywords: Physical Activity, Fitness, Physical Education, Academic Performance

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Keywords: Physical Activity, Fitness, Physical Education, Academic Performance

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The dynamics of world trade are rapidly transforming under the influence of digital innovation. Traditional trade systems, characterized by paper-based documentation, manual verification, and limited transparency, have long hindered efficiency and trust among global trading partners. Blockchain technology, a decentralized and tamper-proof digital ledger, offers an opportunity to address these long-standing inefficiencies. This research paper explores how blockchain redefines trust, traceability, and efficiency in global trade by automating documentation, strengthening transparency, and ensuring authenticity across supply chains. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology using secondary data from the World Trade Organization (WTO), UNCTAD, OECD, and industry reports. Case studies such as TradeLens, we.trade, and VeChain are analyzed to assess blockchain's practical applications in customs, logistics, and trade finance. Findings reveal that blockchain enhances trade facilitation, reduces costs, prevents fraud, and improves compliance. However, adoption barriers such as regulatory fragmentation, interoperability challenges, and uneven digital infrastructure persist. The paper concludes with a five-dimensional strategic framework for integrating blockchain into world trade systems, emphasizing technological integration, policy harmonization, institutional collaboration, capacity building, and ethical governance. The study contributes to the discourse on digital trust infrastructure as the foundation for a sustainable, transparent, and inclusive global trade ecosystem.

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Blockchain, Trust, Traceability, Trade Facilitation, Transparency, Supply Chain Efficiency, Digital Innovation

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