Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

This paper investigates the household spending on education by gender variable, using data sets from successive rounds of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), namely the 64th, 71st, 75th and 80th rounds, which were based on the social consumption survey of health and education. When compared to the results of previous studies, the results show a distinct analysis about the gender disparity in education spending from elementary to higher, technical or diploma levels. For elementary to higher education, the study reveals that the disparities were increased for female students. It is crucially quantify educational disparities from a policy and societal aspect. The disaggregated study at the state level becomes more important when addressing the issue locally. The results show that there was a significant gender gap in Gross Enrollment Ratio, Gender Parity Index and average household education expenditure in India.

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: Education Expenditure, Gender Differences, Gross Enrollment Ratio, Gender Parity Index.

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Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as a cornerstone of participatory rural devel- opment and gender empowerment in India, fostering financial inclusion, collective agency, and social transformation. This systematic literature review critically synthesizes empiri- cal studies published between 2000 and 2025 on the role of SHGs in advancing women's empowerment and reducing socio-economic inequality in rural Tamil Nadu. Using the PRISMA framework, forty-eight peer-reviewed articles were systematically screened and analyzed across multidisciplinary databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The findings reveal that SHGs significantly contribute to women's economic mobility through microfinance access, entrepreneurial engagement, and livelihood diversification. Beyond economic outcomes, SHGs enhance self-efficacy, decision-making autonomy, and participation in local governance, thus serving as platforms for collective consciousness and social negotiation. However, the review identifies persistent challenges, including un- equal participation, caste-based exclusion, limited scalability, and dependence on external funding. Thematic synthesis highlights three critical dimensions of empowerment--economic independence, social inclusion, and political participation--that intersect to shape the trans- formative potential of SHGs. The paper further underscores the importance of integrating SHG initiatives with capacity-building, digital literacy, and gender-sensitive policy frame- works to sustain empowerment outcomes. By bridging empirical insights and policy dis- course, this review provides a holistic understanding of SHGs as instruments of inclusive growth and social justice in Tamil Nadu's rural landscape. The study concludes with a research agenda emphasizing longitudinal analyses, intersectional approaches, and partic- ipatory monitoring frameworks to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of SHG-based empowerment models.

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Self-Help Groups; women's empowerment; rural development; Tamil Nadu; social inclusion; systematic review; gender equity; participatory governance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Sutures are the most frequently used medical device for wound closure. They support tissue during the early phase of healing until it regains its original structure. Primary goal of suture is to re-approximate wound edges under minimal tension leading to haemostats is and promote healing. Clinicians have access to various types of suture materials used in oral surgery. There are wide variety of suture materials available. Each suture materials have distinct features suitable for different oral surgical procedures. Ideal features of suture material include sterility, uniform thickness, flexibility for simple handling and ability to retain knot security and low inflammatory response to promote healing. Suture materials are classified based on their degradability into absorbable and non-absorbable, according to their source into natural or synthetic; their coating into coated or uncoated, dyed or undyed; according to their structure into monofilament or poly filament. Based on their tissue reaction, tensile strength, mechanical and microbiological resistance, cost effective, bacterial invasion, properties and uses the suture materials are compared.

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Sutures, surgical sutures, tissue reaction, suture inflammation, bacterial adhesion, tensile strength, oral surgery

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Developmental schemes and policies are the crucial aid for achieving sustainability of folk and cottage sector in India. Such policy framework helps to ensure financial assistance, technological support, marketing assistance for the artisans of folk crafts. The selected crafts like Chhau, Terracotta and Stone craft also influenced by the policy frameworks taken by the government. The museum is one of the important strategies to preserve Chhau mask (mukhosh) of Charida village of Purulia district.

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Folk craft, Chhau, Terracotta, Stone craft

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The number of cyberattacks is rising annually, and businesses need a quick, well-organized, and efficient solution to handle security issues. Teams may identify, evaluate, and react to cyberthreats in an organized manner with the aid of a Cyber Security Incident Response Platform (CIRP).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cyberattacks, Security and Incident

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, is an innovative and cost-effective strategy that involves identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs beyond their original medical indications. This approach has gained significant attention due to rising drug development costs, lengthy regulatory processes, and increasing global disease burden. Repurposed drugs benefit from established safety profiles, known pharmacokinetics, and reduced risk of failure compared to novel drug discovery. Among several repurposed agents, aspirin, metformin, and hydroxychloroquine have emerged as prominent examples with expanding therapeutic applications. Aspirin, traditionally used as an analgesic and antiplatelet agent, has demonstrated potential anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Metformin, primarily an antidiabetic drug, has shown promising roles in oncology, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Hydroxychloroquine, originally developed as an antimalarial agent, has been widely explored for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. This review highlights the concept of drug repurposing, mechanisms involved, and recent advances in repurposing aspirin, metformin, and hydroxychloroquine for new clinical indications, along with challenges and future perspectives.

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Drug repurposing; Aspirin; Metformin; Hydroxychloroquine; New indications; Pharmacological management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring how medicines perform once they are administered to actual patients. Its main aim is to identify unforeseen effects, comprehend their causes, and prevent damage. Although the idea has been informally recognized for many years, it became significantly important after several tragedies related to medications underscored the need for enhanced safety systems. Today, it is a crucial aspect of healthcare that guarantees the advantages of a drug surpass its risks. The goal of pharmacovigilance is to safeguard individuals from adverse drug effects, promote safe prescribing, and inform decisions taken by health authorities. Since clinical trials are conducted with a limited number of participants under controlled circumstances, many side effects only emerge when larger populations start utilizing the medication. Continuous monitoring of safety is crucial. Beyond its scientific significance, pharmacovigilance inherently comes with an ethical obligation--patients have the right to receive treatments that are effective and safe. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are undesired effects that may arise after medication usage. These can vary from minor irritations to serious health issues. By monitoring these reactions, healthcare systems can recognize trends, uncover new dangers, and modify treatment guidelines as needed. Each report adds to a broader database, assisting specialists in comprehending how medications function in real-world conditions. In India, a network of monitoring centres facilitates ADR reporting, allowing healthcare professionals and the public to provide information on suspected reactions. These submissions undergo review and validation before being included in both national and international safety databases. This collective data aids global organizations in pinpointing signals and advising on safety protocols.

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Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Drug Reaction.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Pakshaghata a term in Ayurvedic literature, refers to a condition characterized by loss of function and weakness in one half of the body. It is regarded as predominately Vata Dosha Vyadhi. Factors such as Dosha involvement, Bala, and Vaya can impact the prognosis, with the face potentially involved. Current scientific theories suggest the brain controls motor functions, with cerebral vascular accidents being the primary cause of loss of bodily function. Ayurveda can be correlated with Pakshaghata because of the most similarity; on the other hand, Ayurveda treats both the underlying cause and symptoms of Pakshaghata with Samshodhana and Vata - Shamaka chikitsa. In the present case, the patient presented with right side Pakshaghata and was treated with Panchakarma therapy, which included Shirodhara, Nasya, Mukhabhyanga, Ksheerdhooma, Agnilepa, Vasti, and Shaman Aushadhi. Initially, Nasya, Mukhabhyanga, and Ksheerdhooma were given for 7 days. Shirodhara, Sarvang Abhyanga, Nadisweda, Agnilepa for 13 days, and Vasti for 5 days. Then the patient was discharged with oral medication and then came to follow up after 25 days. After treatment, patients get significant results.

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Pakshaghata, Dosha, Samshamana, Samshodhana.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease, initiated by bacteria, that results in the destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Among the periodontal diseases, periodontitis remains one of the leading cause which is characterised by chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. Traditional treatment therapy to eradicate the cause are supra-gingival scaling, sub-gingival curettage and root planning. These therapies focus on mechanical debridement and anti-infective strategies. Exosomes play a vital role in tissue regeneration. Exosomes are small extra cellular vesicles which are secreted by various cell types. Exosomes are of two types natural exosomes and engineered exosomes. Exosomes are secreted by almost all cells, including mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs), dendritic cells(DCs), B cells, T cells and mast cells. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells show higher potential ability in the regeneration of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. Mesenchymal stem cells have healing and immunomodulatory properties which allows them to be widely used in the field of medicine. The common source of MSCs are bone marrow(BM-MSCs), dental pulp(DPSCs), periodontal ligament(PDLSCs) and gingiva(GMSCs). The use of Exosome-based strategies in medicine and dentistry is associated due to their high potential.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Exosome, stem cells, periodontitis, periodontal regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition