Volume 12 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

The Indian government has increasingly emphasized the importance of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in formulating its internal security strategies. Advanced weaponry and scientific innovations developed by the DRDO have been effectively utilized by security forces in counter-insurgency operations to maneuver through challenging terrains. Moreover, technologies such as satellites, drones, and skilled sniffer dogs have been deployed to locate Naxal hideouts and detect improvised explosive devices (IEDs) buried underground. In low-intensity conflict (LIC) areas, significant loss of life, both among security forces and civilians, underscores the critical need for STI in developing innovative solutions to enhance the capabilities of security agencies. This involves investing in research and development, fostering public-private partnerships, and leveraging technological advancements to create a more resilient internal security apparatus. Some regions remain inaccessible due to harsh environments and difficult terrains. Interestingly, science, technology, and innovation have also been adopted by Naxals in LIC areas, enabling them to survive for extended periods. This presents a challenge, as technology alone does not determine dominance in warfare. The indiscriminate use of lethal weapons and improvised explosive devices IEDs by Naxals makes it particularly difficult for security forces to achieve success in counter-insurgency operations. To combat these challenges, counter-insurgency operations have increasingly relied on STI to enhance their effectiveness. Understanding the modus operandi of Naxals in LIC areas, along with the technologies they utilize, is essential. Equally important is recognizing the equipment and tools used by the military, paramilitary forces, and agencies such as the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and state police during these operations. The role of STI is crucial in saving the lives of security forces and disrupting the insurgent activities carried out by Naxals. Addressing this complexity necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the role of science, technology, and innovation in both insurgency and counter-insurgency doctrines. This paper focuses on the latest technologies adopted by Maoists in their warfare against the Indian state, as well as the advanced technologies employed by security forces in counter-insurgency operations, particularly in jungle warfare. It also highlights the efforts made by the Indian state to tackle the challenges posed by Maoist activities.

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 Keywords

Low-Intensity Conflicts, Counter-Insurgency, Science & Technology, Innovations.

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This study examines how the hydraulic conductivity of sand is affected by submersion in saline water. To find out how hydraulic conductivity changes when sand samples are immersed in different amounts of saline solutions, laboratory tests were carried out. The findings show that ionic interactions influencing particle configurations and variations in pore water viscosity cause saline water to modify hydraulic conductivity. The results have ramifications for groundwater research in saline-prone areas and coastal engineering

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 Keywords

Hydraulic conductivity, Permeability, Darcy's Law, Permeameter, Concentration.

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There is a growing consensus around the world that environmental protection and sustainable development are paramount in the fight to save Earth from the destruction that humans have wrought upon it. Sustainable economic growth can be achieved through green banking. When it comes to economic development, banks are indispensable, and they are also perfectly suited to engage in Green Banking initiatives. "Going green" is the current mantra in the banking sector. The term "Green" encompasses many different aspects of environmental, social, and ethical responsibility. The term "Green Banking" refers to a subset of banking activity that prioritizes ecological issues alongside socioeconomic ones. This is done with the goal of protecting the environment and preserving natural resources. Banks may make a difference for the environment by implementing green practices across the company and educating its customers about the importance of doing the same. Banks, governments, NGOs, international financial institutions (IFIs), the Central Bank, consumers, and business communities all have a hand in making green banking a reality. Banks' green initiatives encompass a wide range of activities, such as managing the internal environment, developing and implementing principles, promoting other stakeholders, and conducting environmental disclosure and reporting.

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Key words: Ecology, NGOs, IFIs, IGOs

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This paper explores the application of the Markov Chain model to forecast stock behaviour, focusing on stocks indexed within the NIFTY 50. The NIFTY 50, an Indian stock market index, represents the float-weighted average of the 50 largest companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Alongside NSE, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) serves as a prominent trading platform in India. The stock market is an attractive avenue for investment, enticing both domestic and foreign investors. Understanding and predicting stock market trends are crucial for making informed investment decisions. While the Markov Chain model has been widely utilized to predict stock market trends, most applications focus on indices or groups of stocks rather than individual stocks. The overall objective of this study therefore, was to apply Markov Chain to model and forecast trend. The study was conducted through 2 years historical data of Nifty 50 daily closing price. Secondary quantitative data on the daily closing share prices was obtained from Yahoo Finance website over a period covering 12th December 2022 to 12th December 2024 forming a 493 days trading data panel. A Markov chain model was determined based on probability transition matrix and initial state vector. MATLAB software used to determine initial state vector, transition matrix and trend values using moving average. In the long run, irrespective of the current state of share price, the model predicted that the Nifty 50 would increase, decrease and remains constant with a probability of 0.5639, 0.4341 & 0.0020 respectively.

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Markov Chain, Transition Matrix, Initial State Vector, MATLAB

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The researcher utilized qualitative case study to analyze the beneficiary of DILP under the group category in the Province of Tarlac. This research explores the success and challenge faced by the beneficiaries of the Department of Labor and Employment Integrated Livelihood Program or DILP focusing on livelihood projects under 30 groups. Through interviews and analysis, the study structured support, government partnership and interventions, and skill-building initiatives impact cooperative resilience, financial stability, and market adaptability. Case studies reveal that while many groups achieved sustainable livelihoods through innovative market strategies and active community involvement, others struggled with internal coordination, competitive pressure, and resource limitation. The research identifies best practices of the success beneficiaries, such as regular training, adaptive business model and stronger market linkages, to support sustainable growth. Meanwhile The study proposes to the prevailing problems encountered by the beneficiaries such as ongoing skill development, improve monitoring and flexible financial options can enhance the efficacy of DILP initiative and promote long-term community empowerment. Findings of this study contribute valuable insights for public administration and cooperative development, emphasizing strategic support for inclusive growth.

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 Keywords

DILP, Livelihood, DOLE, Groups, Beneficiaries, Success, Failure, Government

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 Abstract

Yuvavarg Per Social Media Ka Prabhav

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Yuvavarg Per Social Media Ka Prabhav

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Criminality in colonial India was perceived through an interesting perception of imperial administration; and the British regulations had a skewed understanding of it. When the British amplified their understanding of Indian living and its caste attributes; it somehow intertwined with their views of criminality. Caste, having its basis in generational- occupations, became central to this notion. Soon, it was established through various administrative recommendations that criminality must be hereditary as well; and efforts were initiated to deal with it accordingly. Criminal Tribes Act (1871) was an outcome of this thought. Various communities- those having indigenous origins and those that possessed divergent ways of life in the eyes of British- Indian administration, were declared criminals by the virtue of their birth. This brought geographical, legal, socio- economic and socio- cultural repercussions for them. The stigma of criminality ensured that they remained at the receiving end of various atrocities; which is still relevant to these communities, much after the repeal of Criminal Tribes Act in 1949. This theoretical paper discusses the historical and sociological framework behind Criminal Tribes Act; and its lingering impact on present day Denotified Tribes; named after the denotification from their criminal status.

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 Keywords

Criminality, Criminal Tribes Act, Colonial, Stigma, Denotified Tribes

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The Kingdom of Cambodia has embraced Buddhism since the mission of Asoka in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism has long been a vital source of spiritual, educational, moral, and cultural values in Cambodia. Cambodia's Buddhist heritage is revealed in its architecture and inscriptions, which are essential for understanding the ancient history of Cambodia from interpretations and evidence. Literary sources offer insights into the culture of Cambodian Buddhism, including relevant records and inscriptions found both in Cambodia and abroad. Numerous inscriptions and literary sources have been interpreted and published since the 19th century to elucidate Cambodia's historical connection to Buddhism. The cultural heritage of Buddhism holds great importance in the modern lives of Cambodians, especially regarding the architecture, art, and sculptures of Buddhist monasteries and monuments over the centuries. Buddhist cultural heritage significantly contributes to tourism in Cambodia. Inscriptions and archaeological evidence revealed Buddhism's existence in the Southeast Asian region.

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 Keywords

Heritage, Buddhism, evidence, inscription, Therav?da, literary sources, culture, temples, monuments, monasteries, India, Cambodia, relations, perspective.

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Sa kasalukuyang panahon, matinding katotohanan ang paglalaan ng hindi sapat na pagpapahalaga sa pag-aaral ng panitikan. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglayong matukoy ang epektibong gamit ng Graphic Organizer sa pagpapahusay sa pagganap ng mga mag-aaral sa Filipino 10 sa taong panuruan 2023-2024. Ang pananaliksik ay isinagawa sa isang Sekundaryang Pampublikong Paaralan na bahagi ng Department of Education (DepEd). Ang mga respondente ay ang mga mag-aaral na nasa ika-10 baitang at gumamit ng purposive sampling gamit ang gabay na katanungan na sariling gawa ng mananaliksik. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay gumamit ng MiniTab statistical software na ginagamitan ng mga kasangkapan na mean, standard deviation, at t-test. Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na ito na ang Word Wall ay epektibong interbensiyon na nagpapahusay sa pagganap ng mga mag-aaral pagdating sa Filipino. Inirekomenda sa paaralan na suportahan ang paggamit ng graphic organizer sa lahat ng antas ng kurikulum. Maglaan ng mga pagsasanay at workshop para sa mga guro upang mas epektibong magamit ang graphic organizer sa pagtuturo.

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 Keywords

Akademikong Pagganap, Graphic Organizer, Interes, Pakikilahok, Panitikan

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E-Glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been widely employed as a substitute material in car and aerospace applications due to its light weight and superior mechanical capabilities. The vacuum bagging procedure for preparing the specimen is described in this study. Tensile, hardness, and impact strength qualities are characterized through investigation in accordance with ASTM standards. E-glass fibers are accessible in a variety of configurations; in the current study, E glass woven fabric is used as a reinforcing material, and Polyester resin is used as a matrix material. The synthetic glass fiber was chosen for its outstanding mechanical strength, while the polyester resin making for its greater qualities. Tests were carried out for a 60%,65% and 70% volume fraction of E-glass woven fabric reinforcement polymer matrix composites. Obtained results evident that 70% of woven roving mat (E-glass fiber) has good mechanical properties compare to 60% volume fraction reinforced polymer matrix composites.

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 Keywords

Synthetic glass, polymer matrix composites, vacuum bagging process:

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