Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

A significant worldwide health issue, adult dyslipidemia is defined by abnormal serum lipid levels, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), elevated triglycerides, or decreased high- density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). It is commonly acknowledged as one of the most potent modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which continues to be the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Numerous research, such as those by Grundy et al. (2019) and Zhang et al. (2020), have shown that adult dyslipidemia is highly prevalent and on the rise, especially in nations where sedentary lifestyles, fast urbanization, and dietary changes are happening. Unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol use, genetic predispositions such familial hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus are important risk factors. Ross's pathophysiological evidence

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Component, formatting, style, styling, insert

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Wound healing remains challenging due to chronic delays, high costs, and antibiotic resistance in conventional therapies. Medicinal plants offer potent, natural alternatives rich in phytochemicals (flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins) that drive antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, collagen synthesis, and angiogenic actions. Proven species like Aloe vera, Curcuma longa (curcumin), Centella asiatica, and Calendula officinalis accelerate tissue regeneration and reduce scarring. Supported by robust in vitro, in vivo, and growing clinical evidence, advanced formulations (gels, nanoparticles, films) and synergistic polyherbal blends enhance efficacy. Overcoming standardization, toxicity, and regulatory hurdles will unlock sustainable, cost-effective wound care solutions globally.

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Medicinal plants, Wound healing, Phytochemicals, Formulations, Clinical evidence

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3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Personalized pharmaceuticals, Drug delivery systems, Artificial intelligence, Precision medicine

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The art of teaching speaking in a L2 is best supported by varied activities which encourage accuracy, fluency, skills communication & socio-cultural understanding. Recommended activities to augment speaking in L2 include: Fluency-focused activities like story completion where pupils jointly erect a narrative, cheering impulsive speaking and creativity. Language-focused activities which stress vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation practice in context. Interviewing activities, where pupils create questions and interact with peers or others to practice authentic exchanges and develop social language skills. Playing card games with topic-based questions promoting open-ended answers rather than yes/no responses, motivating more extensive language production. Socio-culturally sensitive speaking activities teach students how to navigate conversations carefully considering cultural contexts and expressions. Public speaking exercises to build confidence and the ability to organize and present thoughts clearly to an audience. These activities help learners develop not only linguistic accuracy but also pragmatic and interactional competence, essential for effective oral communication in L2 learning

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Public speaking, socio-cultural, Language-focused, L2, teaching speaking, contexts

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A wide range of factors are considered when assessing an analytical method, such as the amount and toxicity of chemicals used, the volume of waste produced, energy consumption, and the degree of automation, miniaturization, and procedural complexity. Sustainability has become a key focus in modern analytical chemistry, with growing emphasis on green and environmentally responsible practices. These approaches promote the use of techniques that generate minimal hazardous waste and encourage safer methods, solvents, and operational strategies. In a sustainable society, chemicals form the basis of products and processes, guided by life-friendly design principles that evaluate whether substances and methods are renewable or harmful, safe or depleting, and persistent or readily degradable.

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Green Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis,Sustainable Analytical Methods,Green Chromatography,Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC),Eco-friendly Solvents,Green Sample Preparation,Solid Phase Extraction (SPE),Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME),Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE),Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE),Green Chemistry Principles,Solvent Reduction,Environmental Sustainability in Analysis

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Conventional financial theories are built on the premise that investors behave rationally and markets incorporate all relevant information efficiently. However, persistent irregularities in financial markets indicate that investor behaviour often deviates from rational decision making. Behavioural finance offers an alternative framework by integrating psychological and behavioural insights into financial analysis. This paper examines the influence of cognitive biases, heuristics, and emotional factors on financial decision making among Indian investors. Drawing upon an extensive review of existing literature and secondary data sources, the study identifies major behavioural biases affecting investment choices and market behaviour in India. The findings suggest that psychological factors play a decisive role in shaping investor actions, contributing to market inefficiencies. The study underscores the importance of incorporating behavioural finance principles into investment strategies, financial advisory practices, and regulatory policies.

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Behavioural finance, investor behaviour, decision making, psychological bias, Indian capital markets

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Dandruff and hair fall are common scalp issues that affect a large portion of the population worldwide, causing discomfort and cosmetic concerns. The formulation process involved the selection and combination of herbal ingredients known for their antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and hair-strengthening properties. The herbal extracts were incorporated into a shampoo base using standardized procedures. The prepared herbal shampoo helps in cleansing and conditioning the scalp and hair, leaving it smooth, healthy, and free from dandruff, excess oil, dirt, and lice. One of the major advantages of herbal cosmetics is their non-toxic and natural origin, which minimizes allergic reactions and side effects. Herbal shampoos are cosmetic preparations that utilize traditional Ayurvedic herbs to cleanse the hair and scalp effectively, similar to regular shampoos. They help in removing excess oils, dandruff, dirt, and environmental pollutants while promoting hair health.

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Cosmetic, Herbal shampoo, Anti-hairfall shampoo, Anti- dandruff Shampoo, Ayurvedic herb. Cosmetic, Herbal shampoo, Anti-hairfall shampoo, Anti- dandruff Shampoo, Ayurvedic herb.

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In Ayurveda classics, Parikartika resembles with fissure-in-ano having cutting and burning pain at Guda (anal region) which is mentioned as a sequel of some diseases or as a complication of some Panchakarma procedures. Acharya Sushruta defined the Kshara as the substance possessing Ksharana (localized cleansing properties) and Kshanan (debridement) properties. He advocated Kshara karma for the purification (Shodhana) of sore of a long standing ulcer which is of an indurated character. On this principle Kshara is used for purification (Shodhana) and local debridement of fibrotic tissue seen in chronic fissure1. Chronic anal fissure causes severe pain largely due to persistent internal sphincter spasm, creating a cycle that prevents healing. Lateral internal sphincterotomy heals 85-95% of cases but carries a 3-30% risk of deformity or incontinence due to permanent sphincter weakening. Botulinum toxin (BTX-A) offers a reversible "chemical sphincterotomy" lasting 8-12 weeks, allowing fissure healing with success rates up to 85% and without long-term continence issues of thirty patients2.

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parikartika, kshara karma, botulinum toxin , Ayurveda , modern, fissure in ano.

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Herbal plants represent valuable therapeutic reservoirs for diabetes mellitus management, offering alternative treatment approaches with significantly fewer adverse effects compared to conventional synthetic antidiabetic agents. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding herbal antidiabetic drugs, examining phytochemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical efficacy across diverse plant species employed in traditional medicine systems. The most extensively studied antidiabetic plants including Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Tinospora cordifolia, and Curcuma longa demonstrate significant hypoglycemic activity through multiple interconnected mechanisms. Active phytochemical compounds including flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and alkaloids exert antidiabetic effects through pathways including alpha-glucosidase inhibition, pancreatic beta cell regeneration, insulin secretion enhancement, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activation, and free radical scavenging. Gymnema sylvestre leaves contain gurmarin and gymnemic acids that suppress sweet taste sensation and enhance glucose uptake by promoting pancreatic beta cell regeneration and increasing insulin production. Momordica charantia fruit demonstrates dual insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent glucose uptake mechanisms through activation of GLP-1 secretion pathways and bitter taste receptor signaling. Fenugreek seeds containing 4-hydroxyisoleucine and trigonelline stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release while improving hepatic glucose uptake and decreasing insulin resistance. Clinical investigations demonstrate significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose levels, and hemoglobin A1c measurements following herbal administration?. Herbal plants possess substantially reduced toxicity profiles compared to conventional antidiabetic medications, producing minimal hepatic, renal, or hematologic adverse effects. Integration of herbal antidiabetic therapies with conventional pharmaceutical approaches offers promising complementary treatment strategies enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing medication side effects. Future research directions should emphasize standardization of herbal preparations, mechanistic investigation of bioactive phytochemicals, long-term safety and efficacy evaluation through rigorous clinical trials, and development of evidence-based guidelines facilitating informed therapeutic decision-making integrating herbal medicines into contemporary diabetes management protocols.

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 Keywords

Herbal Medicine, Antidiabetic Plants, Phytochemicals, Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus Management, Traditional Medicine, Botanical Therapeutics, Glycemic Control.

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Gentamicin, a widely prescribed aminoglycoside antibiotic, is highly effective against severe Gram-negative bacterial infections; however, its clinical utility is significantly limited by its nephrotoxic potential. Gentamicin-induced renal injury primarily affects proximal tubular epithelial cells and is mediated by complex, interrelated mechanisms, including excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal phospholipidosis, release of inflammatory cytokines, and activation of apoptotic pathways. Despite dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring, the incidence of gentamicin-associated nephrotoxicity remains substantial, particularly in elderly patients and those with pre-existing renal impairment or polypharmacy. This review explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms of gentamicin-induced kidney damage and highlights recent research on Polyherbal remedies with potential nephroprotective effects. Evidence suggests that formulations containing flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids may protect the kidneys by enhancing antioxidant defences, reducing inflammation, maintaining cell membrane stability, and modulating proteins involved in cell death, such as Bcl-2 and caspases. Polyherbal remedies may be more effective than single-compound treatments because they target multiple pathways involved in kidney injury. This review highlights the potential of combining traditional herbal medicine with modern nephrology research to develop safer treatments for drug-induced kidney injury. While early results are promising, challenges remain in standardizing remedies, ensuring quality, understanding pharmacokinetics, and proving clinical efficacy. Future research should focus on rigorous clinical trials to confirm the effectiveness of polyherbal remedies. These formulations may complement current therapies to prevent gentamicin-induced kidney damage and improve the safety of gentamicin use.

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Gentamicin; Nephrotoxicity; Drug-induced renal injury; Oxidative stress; Polyherbal formulations; Renal protection; Integrative medicine

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