Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Inconel 625 is widely used in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries owing to its exceptional corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength; however, its poor machinability and moderate wear resistance limit broader structural applications. Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offer a cost-effective route for fabricating large-scale Inconel 625 components but tailoring their surface and bulk properties through in-situ reinforcement remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by incorporating Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles (1-4 wt.%) into the melt pool using a dedicated powder feeder during vertical WAAM deposition, enabling uniform reinforcement without disrupting the process. The effect of TiC addition on hardness, tensile behavior, impact toughness, and wear resistance was systematically investigated. Hardness increased steadily with reinforcement, reaching 342.8 HV at 4 wt.% TiC (~22% higher than the base alloy), while ultimate tensile strength improved by 8-12%, with a peak value of 712.8 MPa for 3 wt.% TiC. Pin-on-disc tests under 1- 3 kg loads showed up to ~32% reduction in cumulative wear loss compared to the unreinforced alloy, confirming the role of TiC in enhancing surface durability. However, impact toughness decreased by 15-56% with increasing TiC content, indicating a trade-off between strengthening and ductility. These findings demonstrate that in-process TiC reinforcement during WAAM provides a robust pathway to simultaneously improve mechanical performance and wear resistance of Inconel 625, expanding its applicability in demanding engineering environments.

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 Keywords

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Ceramic Powder, Layer by Layer manufacturing, Inconel 625.

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The demand for sustainable and high-performance roofing materials has intensified due to the environmental and mechanical limitations of asbestos, cement sheets and galvanized iron (GI). This study investigates a hybrid composite reinforced with basalt, hemp and banana fibres using LY556 epoxy, fabricated through the hand lay-up method in 3 mm and 5 mm thicknesses. Mechanical and physical evaluations, including tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness and water absorption were conducted according to ASTM standards. A material-properties-driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) optimization methodology was applied to identify the most suitable stacking sequence by considering tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, cost, availability and sustainability. This approach identified Basalt-Hemp-Banana for the 3 mm laminate and a symmetric Basalt-Hemp-Banana-Hemp-Basalt configuration for the 5 mm laminate. The 5 mm optimized laminate demonstrated improved performance compared to asbestos and cement roofing materials, achieving a tensile strength of 88 MPa and a flexural strength of 158 MPa, exceeding the values reported for asbestos and cement roofing materials. The laminate exhibited a Shore D hardness of 70 and a low water absorption of 0.73%, indicating strong durability and suitability for humid climates. The results confirm that the optimized hybrid composite is a viable, lightweight and eco-friendly alternative to selected conventional roofing solutions.

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 Keywords

Basalt, Banana, Hemp, Epoxy resin LY556, Roofing panels, Hybrid composite.

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Tool wear monitoring is a critical requirement in CNC machining to ensure dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and uninterrupted production while minimizing tooling costs and downtime. Conventional monitoring techniques largely rely on manual inspection or rule-based signal processing, which limits their effectiveness for continuous and autonomous operation. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a viable solution for data-driven tool condition monitoring using indirect sensor measurements. This study explores deep learning-based approaches--namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and a hybrid CNN-LSTM architecture--for vibration-based tool wear classification. The proposed hybrid model integrates convolutional feature extraction with sequential temporal learning to capture both localized signal characteristics and long-term wear evolution. Signal preprocessing strategies, including down-sampling, batch normalization, and sequence standardization, are applied to improve training stability and model robustness. Experimental results obtained from a benchmark brownfield CNC milling dataset demonstrate that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model consistently outperforms standalone CNN and LSTM models, indicating its suitability for practical predictive maintenance applications in Industry 4.0 environments.

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CNC machining, tool wear, deep learning, CNN, LSTM, Industry 4.0

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The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance engineering materials has increased interest in hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers and nanomaterials. In this study, the mechanical behavior of hybrid composites reinforced with sisal and hemp fibers as primary reinforcements and silicon dioxide (SiO?) nanoparticles as secondary reinforcement is investigated. Natural fibers offer advantages such as low density, biodegradability, and cost effectiveness, while SiO? nanoparticles enhance interfacial bonding and improve load transfer within the epoxy matrix. Composite laminates with different epoxy weight fractions were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique followed by compression moulding and vacuum degassing. The composites were cured at room temperature under applied pressure to ensure uniform dispersion and reduced void content. The fabricated specimens were evaluated for mechanical and thermal properties, including hardness, tensile strength and elongation. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of SiO? nanoparticles along with natural fibers significantly improves the mechanical performance of the composites, making them suitable for lightweight and environmentally sustainable structural applications.

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 Keywords

Hybrid composites; Sisal fiber; Hemp fiber; SiO? nanoparticles; Mechanical properties

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Liquid Chromatography (LC) remains the cornerstone of pharmaceutical analysis, but the demands for higher throughput, complex molecule analysis, and sustainability have driven a profound technological transformation. This review comprehensively examines the critical trends defining modern LC. The shift to Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and core-shell technology has delivered superior speed and resolution by leveraging sub-2 ?m particles. Concurrently, the coupling of LC with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has become indispensable for unknown impurity identification and the characterization of complex biopharmaceuticals via the Multi-Attribute Method (MAM). Methodological advancements are anchored by Quality by Design (QbD), utilizing statistical tools like Design of Experiments (DoE) to create robust, regulatory-compliant analytical methods. Furthermore, the commitment to Green Analytical Chemistry is realized through the adoption of techniques like Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), significantly reducing organic solvent consumption. Future trends point towards greater automation, integration of Artificial Intelligence, and continued miniaturization to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex drug pipeline. The development of these chromatographic techniques and their vital significance in pharmaceutical process optimization, product quality assurance, and regulatory compliance throughout the drug development lifecycle will be covered in this study. This review provides the state of the art of green analytical methodologies for environmental analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment with special emphasis on strategies for greening liquid chromatography (LC).

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LC-MS, UHPLC, Green Chromatography, QbD, SFC, Chiral Separation, HRMS

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The world has many different languages. A language is composed of numerous words. Word formation is what those invented words are known as.Word formation is the process of forming new words or developing old words by adding or deleting syllables. Many terms in many languages around the world are changing significantly, and many more are going extinct. In addition to this, however, a lot of new terms are being created. There are now a lot of new words being created or coined, even within the Kokborok language. A language evolves through word development, and concurrently, its culture advances through this language. . However, there are differences in the ways these words are formed. One way to create new words or add something to existing ones is by using affixes.For example ,Phw/Prefix-rwng/Root-nai/Suffix= Phwrwngnai(Teacher). We can form a new word by combining words with different meanings. For example,mai/rice-dul/round=maidul, tok/bird-thu/Sleep=tokthu(A kind of bird), thai- pung=thaipung. Creating words in this way can be called compounding. There are many such compounding words in the kokborok language. The process of forming a new word by repeating a word or part of it, sometimes with a slight change in sound or vowel is called Reduplication. Ex,Philik-Phalak(naughty and such), Siring-Siring(silence). In the Kokborok language, the number of native words is limited compared to more widely developed languages and because of this, many borrowed words are used especially from Bengali.

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Affixes, Reduplication, Lone words, Compounding, root verb etc

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o Nutraceuticals are the nourishing components (hybrid of nutrition and pharmaceuticals) that are biologically active and possess capability for maintaining optimal health and benefits. o These products play a significant role in human health care and its endurance, most importantly for the future therapeutic development. o Nutraceuticals are globally growing in the field of services such as health care promotion, reduction, etc. o Nutraceuticals have been used not only for nutrition but also as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. o Diverse novel nanoformulation approaches tend to overcome challenges involved in formulation development of nutraceuticals. o Nanotechnology also leads to the generation of micronized dietary products and other nutraceutical supplements with improved health benefits. o Nutraceuticals have been used not only for nutrition but also as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. o In this review article, the latest key findings (clinical studies) on nutraceuticals that show the therapeutic action of nutraceutical's bioactive molecules on various diseases have also been discussed.

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cardiovascular diseases, interactions, nutrition, prevention, therapeutics

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Ginger the rhizome of Zingiber Officinalis ,one of the most widely used species of the ginger family is a common condiment for various food and beverages ginger has along history of medicinal use dating back 2500 years Ginger has been traditionally used from time immemorial for varied human ailment in different part of the globe ,to aid digestion and treat stomach upset ,diarrhoea ,and nausea. Some pungent constituent present in ginger and other zingiberaceous plant have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities ,and some of them exhibit cancer preventive activity in experimental carcinogenesis. The anticancer properties of ginger are attribution to the presence of certain pungent vallionidsviz {6} -paradol as well as other constituent like shogaols,zingerone etc .. A number of mechanism that may be involved in the chemopreventive effect of ginger and its component have been reported from the laboratory studies in a wide range of experimental.

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PHYTOMEDICINE INCLUDING CHARACTERICFETUR OF GINGER

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"One Nation, One Election" (ONOE) in India advocates concurrent elections for the centre and the State Legislative Assemblies. In the early decades following independence, concurrent elections were employed; however, many early dissolutions of state assemblies and intermittent periods of federal rule have led to a staggered electoral schedule. This continuous election cycle imposes significant financial, administrative, and governance restrictions. These risks include the regular application of the MCC, the diversion of society employees and security personnel, and the disruption of policy implementation. With the objectives of boosting voter turnout, cutting public spending, enhancing policy coherence, and streamlining election administration, ONOE is proposed as a solution to these problems. Despite its promises of better governance and economic efficiency, the initiative's execution faces substantial challenges, including as constitutional amendments, federal concerns, and logistical constraints. Aligning national and state elections has the potential to obscure regional issues, marginalize small parties, and affect India's federal structure. However, with enough planning, ONOE can reduce election fatigue, optimize administrative and financial resources, and foster democratic functioning by allowing governments to focus on long-term policy objectives rather than ongoing campaigning. This article provides an institutional analysis of ONOE, examining its history, benefits, implementation challenges, and implications for India's democratic governance.

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ONOE, Concurrent Elections, MCC, Electoral Cost, Democratic Accountability, Voter turnout.

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o Moisturizers are one of the most widely used preparations in cosmetics and have been extensively used to soften the skin for consumers. Moisturizers work effectively in combating dry skin which may cause pain, tightness, itch, stinging, and/or tingling. o Moisturizers bridge the gap between medicine and consumer goods by being used to make the skin more beautiful and healthy. In the future, in moisturizer therapy, the capacity to adapt specific agents to specific dermatological demands will be crucial. Cosmetically, moisturizers make the skin smooth by the mechanism of increasing the water content in the stratum corneum, hence exerting its most vital action, which is moisturizing action and maintaining a normal skin pH. o The aim of this review is to evaluate published studies on the history, ingredients, preparation processes, characteristics, uses, and applications of moisturizers.Suitable methods of preparation of creams, their classification based on their function, their advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and the various types of creams, ingredients used in the formulation of creams and their various evaluation parameters.

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COSMECEUTICALS OF MOISTURIZER CREAM

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