Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Nagendra Jamatia, a distinguished voice in Kokborok literature, a prominent dramatist is known for using his works to address social issues and encourage cultural reflection within the Tripuri community. His 2001 play, Hakhor Bisingni Nokhorbaisidi, tackles the deep-rooted superstitions surrounding witchcraft and black magic, particularly the belief in Swkal (witches), which has historically fueled fear and violence. The protagonist, Hathai, serves as a reformative figure in the play, striving to break the cycle of fear and ignorance that grips his village. In a society where education is limited, villagers often resort to blaming illness or misfortune on individuals accused of witchcraft, leading to discrimination and at times, violence. Through Hathai's dialogues and interactions, Jamatia challenges these superstitions, encouraging the villagers to embrace a rational perspective. Hathai's journey, however, is obstructed by the village ochai (priest) and Baruwa (the priest's assistant), who represent the traditional stronghold that resists change. Despite these obstacles, Hathai remains determined, driven by a belief in truth and social harmony. In addition to critiquing superstition, the drama reflects Jamatia's concerns about the effects of inadequate education on youth. Hathai's efforts extend to guiding young villagers toward education and self-improvement, offering a path out of ignorance and toward empowerment. Hakhor Bisingni Nokhorbaisidi thus encapsulates Jamatia's commitment to challenging harmful beliefs and promoting rational thought and cultural preservation, illustrating his role as a transformative figure in Kokborok literature.

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 Keywords

Literature, oral literature, written literature, drama, types of drama, Tripura drama, , kokborok drama, Hathai.

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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems constitute the critical backbone of modern industrial infrastructure, orchestrating operations in power grids, water treatment facilities, and manufacturing pipelines. As Operational Technology (OT) converges with IT networks (IIoT), these previously isolated systems are increasingly exposed to sophisticated cyber threats. Traditional intrusion detection mechanisms, typically reliant on static signatures, fail to identify novel, zero-day attacks or stealthy anomalies that mimic normal operational behavior. This research proposes a robust, machine learningdriven Intrusion Detection System (IDS) leveraging the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to classify high-dimensional SCADA network traffic. To address the "black-box" nature of ensemble models--a significant barrier to adoption in safety-critical environments--we integrate SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to provide granular, instance-level interpretability. Experimental validation on a dataset of 4,618 SCADA samples demonstrates that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 95.45% and an attack detection recall of 0.99, significantly outperforming baseline methods. The integration of SHAP further allows security analysts to pinpoint specific sensor features driving each alert, enhancing trust and response efficacy.

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 Keywords

SCADA Security, Industrial Control Systems (ICS), Intrusion Detection System (IDS), XGBoost, Explainable AI (XAI), SHAP, Cyber-Physical Systems.

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Due to human errors and the slow nature of the operation of hand gates, railway crossings are a very high accident zone. As automation is being adopted more and more, the demand for intelligent systems that are reliable and economically efficient is evident. This paper describes a fully automated crossing gate mechanism was developed using magnetic Hall sensors for train detection, an infrared module for obstacle sensing, an Arduino-based controller, servo-driven gate movement, and a solar-supported power unit. The system detects an approaching train, closes the gate, and monitors the track for any obstacles before the train passes. The system is designed to eliminate manual gate operation, lower the risk of an accident, and improve safety. A complete model of the system was built. All systems were reliable. The model was tested on a prototype system, and the gate control and the monitored active alerting real-time control were all done safely and reliably.

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Railway Automation, Hall Sensor, Arduino UNO, Railway Safety, Automatic Gate Control.

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Education has occupied a central position in debates on socio-economic development for more than half a century. From early economic theories that framed education as an investment in human capital to contemporary approaches that view education as a process of capability expansion and social transformation, scholars have sought to understand how education shapes development outcomes. This article presents a critical narrative review of major theoretical perspectives and empirical studies on the relationship between education and socio-economic development. Drawing on economics, sociology, and development studies, the review examines human capital theory, modernization perspectives, the capability approach, and social reproduction theory, alongside empirical evidence from both developed and developing contexts. The article argues that while education contributes significantly to economic growth and social mobility, its developmental impact is contingent upon structural conditions, institutional quality, and patterns of inequality. By synthesising diverse strands of literature, the paper highlights the limits of education-led development models and calls for a more context-sensitive and equity-oriented understanding of education's role in socio-economic change.

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Education, Socio-economic development, Human capital, Capability approach, Inequality, Social reproduction.

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Agriculture plays a critical role in global food security and the economy. However, one of the major challenges in agriculture is the early detection and control of plant diseases, which, if left untreated, can lead to significant yield losses and reduced crop quality. Traditionally, plant disease detection relies on manual inspection by agricultural experts, which is often time-consuming, subjective, and not always accessible, especially in rural or underdeveloped regions. With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), there has been a growing interest in applying these technologies to automate the process of plant disease detection. Machine learning techniques allow systems to learn from large datasets of plant images and accurately identify disease symptoms, often even before they become visible to the naked eye. In recent years, image-based plant disease detection using machine learning has gained popularity due to the availability of large datasets, advancements in computing power, and the development of powerful algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Random Forests. These models can be trained to recognize complex patterns and classify different types of diseases based on visual symptoms like color, texture, and shape of the affected leaves or fruits.

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Plant Disease Detection; Agriculture; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Image Processing; Convolutional Neural Networks; Crop Health Monitoring; Computer Vision

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Infrastructure in both cities and rural areas often falls apart without anyone noticing, which can cause failures, service interruptions, and safety risks. Vigilant AI: Proactive Infrastructure Guardian is a smart, AI-powered system that uses computer vision, machine learning, and data from many sources to find early signs of cracks, blockages, damage, and wear on structures. By shifting from reactive maintenance to predictive monitoring, the system reduces costs, improves response time, and enhances the longevity of public infrastructure. With a scalable cloud edge architecture and real time dashboards, it empowers authorities to make faster, data-driven decisions. The solution is designed to be inclusive, efficient, and suitable for both smart cities and low-connectivity rural environments, ensuring safer and more sustainable infrastructure management.

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Predictive maintenance, AI-driven infrastructure monitoring, computer vision, structural health monitoring, real-time anomaly detection, deep learning, cloud edge architecture, crack detection, damage classification, structural degradation analysis, automated inspection, risk assessment, smart city infrastructure, rural infrastructure management, sustainable infrastructure systems.

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Abstract: In the era of digitalization, the hard cash transaction is fading away day by day due to the drastical introduction and impact of digital modes of payment and Unified Payment Interface System in the Indian Country. The digital payments have influenced the retailers to shift from cash mode of transaction to acceptance and adoption of varieties of digital payments including UPI. Since 2016, the UPI is playing its vital role but pandemic COVID-19 has made the UPI to play a role of hero in the field of digital payments. The UPI has secured a prominent place in the digital payments mode and it has become like a one of the essential factors in our daily life activities. The Indian Government and the NPCI has taken its step ahead in introduction of UPI with regulatory framework for supporting the retailers to adopt UPI in its daily business transactions. This paper is purely theoretical in nature and the study focuses on the adoption of the Unified Interface System by the retailers in India, factors which influences the retailers to adopt the UPI and barriers and issues faced by them in their day-to-day business activities.

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: UPI, Digital Payments, NPCI, Retailers, COVID-19

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Sheetpitta is a Trido?haja Vy?dhi with predominance of Pitta and V?ta Do?a, characterized by kandu, daha, toda, shotha and mandala utpatti, and can be clinically correlated with urticaria. Classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Sa?hit? and A?h???ga H?daya advocate ?hodhana Chikits?, particularly Virechana Karma, for Pitta-dominant disorders involving Rakta Dh?tu. The present case study reports the therapeutic outcome of Virechana Karma in a 47-year-old female diagnosed with Sheetpitta Vy?dhi. The patient was managed with Deepana-Pachana, followed by Snehp?na using Guduchi Siddha Ghrita, Sarv??ga Abhyanga with Dashmool Taila, and Swedana as Purva karma. Virechana Karma was performed using Triv?ut Leha, followed by Sa?sarjana Krama and appropriate dietary regulation. Significant improvement was observed in itching, erythematous wheals, burning sensation, and frequency of recurrence, with sustained relief during follow-up and no adverse effects. This case highlights the effectiveness of classical Virechana Karma in the management of Sheetpitta by addressing the underlying Do?hic pathology rather than providing only symptomatic relief.

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Sheetpitta,Urticaria, Virechana Karma, GuduchiSiddha Ghrita,Triv?ut Leha

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The present study investigates the differences in teaching aptitude toward Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among urban and rural school teachers. Recognizing the growing importance of ICT in enhancing teaching-learning processes, the study aims to examine whether geographical context influences teachers' ability and readiness to integrate digital technologies into classroom instruction. A descriptive survey method was employed, and data were collected from urban and rural teachers using a standardized teaching aptitude questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and an independent t-test were applied to analyze the data. The findings reveal a significant difference between urban and rural teachers' teaching aptitude toward ICT, with urban teachers demonstrating higher aptitude levels. The results indicate that contextual factors such as access to infrastructure, professional development opportunities, and institutional support play a crucial role in shaping ICT-related teaching aptitude. The null hypothesis stating no substantial difference between urban and rural teachers was rejected. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to strengthen ICT integration in rural schools and highlights the importance of equitable educational policies to bridge the digital divide. The findings contribute valuable insights for educators, administrators, and policymakers seeking to promote inclusive and effective ICT-based education.

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Keywords: Teaching Aptitude, ICT Integration, Urban Teachers, Rural Teachers, Digital Education, Teaching-Learning Process, Educational Technology, Professional Development, Digital Divide, School Education, ICT Infrastructure, Pedagogical Innovation

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Bow control and fingering accuracy are fundamental technical competencies in Carnatic violin performance, directly influencing tonal clarity, rhythmic precision, and r?ga bh?va. Traditional practice methods, while musically rich, often lack a standardized framework for systematic speed progression and measurable technical optimization. This study proposes a structured practice system for Carnatic violin based on the Nikola 3-6-9 speed principle, integrated with a r?ga-centric and step-wise training model. The proposed system organizes practice into progressive steps--Sarali swarams, Janta swarams, Alankarams, Dh?tu swarams, and upper and lower sth?yi exercises--implemented across four foundational Carnatic r?gas: Mayamalavagowla, Shankarabharanam, Kalyani, and Kharaharapriya. Each practice step is executed using a controlled speed escalation strategy, wherein first speed is practiced three times, second speed six times, and third speed nine times, ensuring gradual motor adaptation and consistency in bowing and fingering movements. An experimental study is designed involving intermediate-level Carnatic violin students, where technical parameters such as bow stability, note articulation accuracy, speed consistency, and tonal uniformity are observed and analyzed over a fixed training period. Comparative evaluation between traditional practice routines and the Nikola 3-6-9 structured approach demonstrates significant improvements in bow coordination, reduced fingering errors, and enhanced control at higher speeds. The findings suggest that the Nikola 3-6-9 structured practice system offers an effective pedagogical model for optimizing technical precision in Carnatic violin training. By combining traditional r?ga-based exercises with a disciplined speed framework, the study contributes a scalable and replicable methodology that can enhance both pedagogy and performance practice in Carnatic string music education. KEYWORDS: Carnatic Violin; Bow Control; Fingering Accuracy; Nikola 3-6-9 Technique; R?ga-Based Practice; Step-Wise Training Model; Speed Optimization; Violin Pedagogy; Technical Skill Development; Carnatic Music Education

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 Keywords

Carnatic Violin; Bow Control; Fingering Accuracy; Nikola 3-6-9 Technique; R?ga-Based Practice; Step-Wise Training Model; Speed Optimization; Violin Pedagogy; Technical Skill Development; Carnatic Music Education

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