Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Building construction is an old human activity that started purely from a functional need to provide house from the elements. Over time, human beings have accommodated to a variety of climates. The first human shelters were primary structures that did not last many time. Building construction has since evolved to shape the built environment we know and love today, encompassing not only buildings but also essential infrastructure such as roads and bridges

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Site preparation, Excavation, Foundation, Framing, Masonry, Electrical and plumbing work, Floors and Floor Coverings, Roofing, Exterior finishing, Heating and cooling work, Interior finishing, Woodwork and fixture fittings, Waterproofing, Painting, Safety considerations, Quality control , Handover

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Chromatography is the backbone of separation science and is being used in all research laboratories and pharmaceutical industries universally. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the dominant separation technique to detect, separate and quantify the drug. A number of chromatographic parameters were analyzed to optimize the method like sample pretreatment, choosing mobile phase, column, detector selection. HPLC method development and validation are critical in new drug discovery, development, and manufacturing, as well as a variety of other human and animal studies. Validation of analytical methods is required during drug development and manufacturing to ensure that these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. The creation of an HPLC technique is influenced by the chemical structure of the molecules, the synthetic pathway, solubility, polarity, pH and pKa values, and the activity of functional groups, among other factors. Accuracy, accuracy, specificity, linearity, range, limit of detection, the limit of quantification, robustness, and system suitability testing are all included in the validation of an HPLC technique according to ICH Guidelines.

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Chromatography, HPLC, Method validation, Method development

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Generation Alpha, born between 2010 to 2024, popularly known as the young ones who have faced a lot with the pandemic being a defining experience. Encouraging and teaching 21st-century skills to this generation is the need of the hour in such a fast-changing world. Innovative pedagogies can be an important tool that can challenge their intellect, and foster curiosity amongst them to learn more so that they can earn more. Critical thinking is one of the higher-order thinking skills. Innovative strategies like Hands-on-activity and Gamification and many more have contributed in many ways by stimulating their curiosity in day-to-day teaching-learning activities that challenge educators as well as students to strive for excellence in various disciplines. The researcher aims to see how innovative pedagogies like Hands-on-Activity and Gamification develop and encourage 21st-century skills like critical thinking among school students by enlisting the advantages and disadvantages of the abovementioned. For this the researchers reviewed 25 research papers and searched various databases like ERIC, Google Scholar, IEEE, Researchgate, ScienceDirect, Springer, Taylor and Francis Online, and many more. Findings state that Hands-on-Activity and Gamification enhance critical thinking skills in students. This research will be beneficial for various stakeholders as it will encourage the inculcation of 21st-century skills in students and help them acquire life skills that would help them earn their livelihoods and contribute to the nation-building process.

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Critical Thinking Skills, Gamification, Hands-on-Activity, School education, 21st-Century learners

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"In every society, some voices are unheard--not by choice, but by the weight of power, tradition, and circumstance." These are the voices of the subaltern--marginalized communities whose experiences are overlooked and whose agency is constrained. From colonial India to global labor markets, the subaltern experience exposes the inequalities that continue to shape human life. But can these voices truly speak? What is Subalternity? Subalternity refers to individuals and groups who are socially, politically, or economically marginalized, often rendered invisible in mainstream narratives. The term originated from Antonio Gramsci's Marxist theory and has been widely developed in postcolonial studies. "Subalternity is not just about being unheard--it is about structural barriers that silence voices and deny agency." Examples include peasants, women, indigenous communities, lower castes, and other historically oppressed groups. Their struggles are often overshadowed by narratives imposed by those in power. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Can the Subaltern Speak? Indian scholar and feminist critic Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak famously asked, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" She explored how colonial and patriarchal structures often silence marginalized people. For instance, British colonialists in India framed their intervention as "saving brown women from brown men," ignoring the women's own voices. Similarly, the practice of Sati was misrepresented, erasing the lived experiences of widows.

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SUBALTERN, SPIRIT, BODY

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Child labour continues to remain one of the most pressing socio-economic challenges in contemporary India. Despite significant legal frameworks and welfare initiatives, a large number of children are still engaged in various forms of labour across sectors such as agriculture, construction, brick kilns, hospitality, stone quarries, animal husbandry, manufacturing, and domestic work often in self-employed or informal settings. This persistent issue adversely affects children's physical, social, moral, and cognitive development, depriving them of education and fundamental rights.The problem is further intensified by poverty, unemployment, lack of access to quality education, and rural-to-urban migration. Migrant child labourers, in particular, are forced to abandon schooling and work under vulnerable and exploitative conditions. This study aims to examine the current scenario of child labour in India, the socio-economic determinants contributing to it, and the gaps in policy implementation. It also explores constitutional provisions, legislative measures, and government and non-government child welfare programs that seek to safeguard children's rights.As a welfare state, India has made considerable progress in framing policies and legal instruments to eliminate child labour. However, effective enforcement, public awareness, and social responsibility remain crucial for ensuring equitable implementation and building a child-centric future for sustainable human development.

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Child Labour; Socio-Economic Factors; Children's Rights; Constitutional Safeguards; Labour Legislation; Policy Implementation; Welfare Programs; Sustainable Human Development.

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This article examines the influence of coalition governance on state capacity and public service delivery in Manipur, India, between 2000 and 2022. The analysis highlights the capacity of dominant parties to maintain policy coherence despite patronage pressures as a key factor shaping service delivery. Congress-dominated coalitions (2000-2017) sustained relatively coherent policy agendas, leading to mixed outcomes in education and infrastructure. In contrast, the post-2017 BJP-led alliances introduced new dynamics of volatility and fragmentation, which were partially offset by increased central support, though often at the expense of need-based allocations. Comparative case studies across sectors demonstrate that coalitions modulate, rather than determine, development outcomes within structural constraints such as fiscal dependence and insurgency. These findings emphasise the significance of stabilising mechanisms for peripheral federal states.

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Coalition politics; State capacity; Manipur development; Public service delivery

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The insurance sector has been highly restrictive in adapting to the digitalisation happening around the globe. However, the emergence of Industry 4.0 has pushed insurance companies towards integrating ICT (Information & Communication Technology) into their business operations to remain competitive and meet client expectations. This technological shift demands a strategically developed and well-managed digital infrastructure to deploy future opportunities. Considering this phenomenon, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between the investments made in procuring digital infrastructure and the efficiency scores of the general insurance companies. A non-parametric Data Envelopment Approach (DEA) is used to evaluate the cost-efficiency scores of each company for the observation period by using the Malmquist index. Correlation is used to test the relationship between digital investment and efficiency scores. The results indicate an improvement in the technical and scale efficiency of the in-sampled general insurance companies over the observation period. It also shows a negative relationship between the two variables. The study concludes that despite a gradual increase in IT (Information Technology) investments, IT investments have no role in improving the efficiency scores of Indian general insurance companies.

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Indian insurance sector; General Insurance; Data Envelopment Approach (DEA); Information Technology (IT) investments; Efficiency

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Abstract Green finance has gained increasing global importance as a policy and financial mechanism for addressing climate change, environmental degradation, and sustainable development challenges. In developing economies such as India, the significance of green financial products is particularly pronounced in rural areas, where livelihoods are closely dependent on natural resources and are highly vulnerable to climate variability. This study presents an analytical examination of major green financial products and critically evaluates the role of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in shaping green finance frameworks, with special reference to rural India. The study adopts a database-based analytical research design, drawing upon peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, policy documents, and UNEP publications. The collected literature was systematically classified and analyzed using thematic and comparative analytical techniques to identify trends, institutional roles, and implementation challenges associated with green finance in rural contexts. The analysis focuses on key green financial instruments, including green bonds, green microfinance, renewable energy loans, sustainable agriculture credit, and climate risk insurance. The findings reveal that green microfinance, sustainable agriculture credit, and renewable energy financing demonstrate high potential for promoting environmentally sustainable livelihoods in rural India, while green bonds play an indirect yet supportive role through infrastructure development. However, the adoption of green financial products in rural regions remains constrained by low financial literacy, limited institutional outreach, high perceived investment risks, and inadequate customization of global green finance frameworks to local socio-economic conditions. The study further finds that UNEP has played a pivotal role in advancing global sustainable finance norms through policy advocacy, capacity building, and multi-stakeholder partnerships; nevertheless, the translation of these global frameworks into effective rural-level financial mechanisms in India remains uneven. The study concludes that strengthening rural-centric green finance requires improved policy coordination, enhanced institutional capacity, and localized adaptation of UNEP-led frameworks. These measures are essential for aligning global sustainability objectives with rural development priorities and for ensuring inclusive and climate-resilient growth in rural India.

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Keywords: 1. Green Financial Products 2. Sustainable Finance 3. Rural India 4. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 5. Environmental Sustainability 6. Climate Finance 7. Green Banking 8. Renewable Energy Financing 9. Financial Inclusion 10. Eco-friendly Investments 11. Rural Development 12. Environmental Policy 13. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 14. Green Economy 15. Impact Assessment

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Ambedkar's idea of democracy has great significance in the prevailing socio-political ambience. He emphasized on many untouched and unexplored aspects of Indian society and polity unlike his contemporaries. He was immensely committed to democratic method for the resolution of socio-political disagreements and dichotomies. Equality, eviction from discrimination, abolition of untouchability and the inhuman practices were the most significant issues agitating in his mind which reflected in the Constitution of India. Therefore the foundation of the constitution is premised on the principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. He wanted social democracy prior to political democracy and he urged to make 'political democracy' a 'social democracy'. He believed that political democracy could not be lasted unless there lied at the base of it social or economic democracy. Ambedkar's idea of democracy is based on social justice. He also emphasised on the constitutional morality as one of the many tools for the proper functioning of democracy. This paper analyses Ambedkar's ideas on democracy of his dream for India, and also identifies the preconditions for the successful working of democracy.

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Revisiting Ambedkar's Democracy

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This study examines the returns to scale and the significance of input elasticities in shaping regional economic performance across Indian States and Union Territories for the year 2020-21. Employing a log-linear Cobb-Douglas production function, the analysis highlights the elasticity of capital expenditure (1.15) and labor force participation rate (0.24), leading to a combined input elasticity of 1.39. While this suggests increasing returns to scale. Hypothesis testing through Restricted Least Squares (F-test) indicates that the null hypothesis of constant returns to scale cannot be rejected at a 5% significance level. This finding underscores the statistical insignificance of the observed increasing returns, suggesting a constant returns to scale scenario during the study period. These outcomes hold significant policy implications, advocating for strategic public investments and labor market interventions to optimize resource allocation and enhance economic performance. The research contributes to the literature on regional production efficiency, offering actionable insights for policymakers to foster sustainable and balanced growth.

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Gross State Domestic Product, State-wise capital expenditure, State-wise Labour Force Participation Rate, Cobb-Douglas Production Function, Return to Scale,F-Test Approach

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