Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This article explores the intersection of technology and criminal justice reform in India. It highlights the opportunities presented by technological advancements such as AI, blockchain, big data analytics, and digital forensics while also discussing the challenges, including privacy concerns, the digital divide, and legal ambiguities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Criminal Justice, Technology, AI, Blockchain, Legal Reforms

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Epilepsy, including syndromes like Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), focal seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, requires tailored anticonvulsant therapies to optimize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. This comprehensive review compares clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine that enhances GABAergic neurotransmission with reduced sedation (Sankar, 2012; Gauthier & Mattson, 2015), and carbamazepine, a sodium channel blocker effective for partial and tonic-clonic seizures but associated with enzyme induction and cutaneous risks (French, 1994; Kehoe & Haw, 2020). Drawing from pharmacological, clinical, and neuropharmacological data, the analysis evaluates their physical and chemical properties, modes of action, advantages (e.g., clobazam's long-term efficacy in LGS; carbamazepine's versatility in neuropathic pain), disadvantages (e.g., clobazam's dependence risk; carbamazepine's hematologic toxicity), side effect profiles, toxicity (including teratogenicity), withdrawal symptoms, age-specific usage, and non-anticonvulsant applications (e.g., clobazam for anxiety; carbamazepine for bipolar disorder). Findings indicate clobazam offers a favorable safety profile for refractory pediatric epilepsy (Klehm et al., 2014), while carbamazepine excels in focal seizures but demands monitoring for interactions (Marson et al., 2002). Personalized treatment, considering patient age, seizure type, and comorbidities, is recommended to enhance quality of life and adherence (Samanta, 2021; Strzelczyk & Schubert-Bast, 2022). Future research should address gaps in long-term comparative trials.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Clobazam, Carbamazepine, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Focal seizures, Generalized Tonic-Clonic seizures, Side effect profile, Anticonvulsant therapy, Neuropharmacology.

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Poor aqueous solubility remains one of the major challenges in the development of orally administered drug molecules, particularly those falling under BCS Class II and IV. Low solubility leads to inadequate dissolution, poor absorption, and ultimately reduced bioavailability, limiting therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of such drugs has become a key focus in modern pharmaceutics. Various formulation and technological approached--including particle size reduction, solid dispersions, lipid-based systems, complexation, nanotechnology-based carriers, and supersaturation-enhancing systems--have been developd to address these limitations. Each technique offers unique advantages in improving dissolution rate, permeability, and stability of poorly soluble drugs. This review summarizes the principles, mechanisms, benefits, and applications of the major bioavailability enhancement strategies, highlighting their potential to optimize drug performance and support successful pharmaceutical development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Bioavailability, poorly soluble drugs, Low aqueous solubility, Dissolution rate, solubility enhancement, permeability enhancement, micronization, Nanonization, Nanosuspensions, Solid dispersion, spray drying, PH modification, Salt fformatio.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The increasing use of biometric authentication and online video content has made security more vulnerable to spoofing attempts and deepfake manipulations. Spoofing relies on presenting fake visuals, such as photographs or replayed clips, while deepfakes employ advanced generative models to produce highly convincing synthetic videos. Both threats compromise trust in identity verification systems and the authenticity of digital media. Existing approaches typically handle these problems in isolation, which limits their effectiveness in real-world applications. This work introduces Secure Vision, an integrated framework that combines MobileNet for real-time spoofing detection with ResNeXt for deepfake identification. MobileNet is optimized for speed and detects liveness indicators like eye blinks and facial micro-movements, while ResNeXt captures detailed features and uncovers inconsistencies in manipulated videos. The system is trained on benchmark datasets including ASVspoof, FaceForensics++, and the Deepfake Detection Challenge, improving its adaptability to different attack types. Results show that this dual-branch approach strengthens protection against both spoofing and deepfake threats, offering a practical solution for secure access control, online identity checks, and content authenticity verification.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Deepfake Detection, Face Spoofing, Liveness Recognition, MobileNet, ResNeXt, Biometric Authentication, Media Integrity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Myofascial pain syndrome is a musculoskeletal condition marked by localized pain and trigger points, commonly affecting the upper trapezius. Post-natal women are particularly prone due to physiological and postural changes. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Post-Isometric Relaxation (PIR) and Positional Release Technique (PRT) in reducing upper trapezius myofascial pain among post-natal women. Methodology: Thirty-eight post-natal women (aged 20-40) with unilateral upper trapezius pain were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (PIR) and Group B (PRT). Outcomes measured were neck disability index (NDI) and cervical range of motion (CROM). Assessments were done pre-intervention and after six days. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in NDI and CROM (p < 0.05). No Statistically significant difference was found between groups post-intervention (p > 0.05). Conclusion:Both PIR and PRT effectively reduced myofascial pain and improved cervical motion in post-natal women, with PRT being slightly more effective overall.

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Post-Isometric Relaxation (PIR), Positional Release Technique (PRT), Myofascial Pain ,Upper Trapezius, Post-Natal Women, Neck Disability Index, Cervical Range of Motion.

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The primal intention of the present paper is to explore the problems faced by start-ups at Kudumalakunte Industrial Area, Gowribidanuru. Further the study also conducted to know the available opportunities at the Kudumalakunte start-up area. Kudumalakunte a hamlet came into fame when the government of Karnataka started industrial area and innumerable industries has been already established. Basically it is a industrial centre and start-ups could operate from the area. There is no start-up directory but one can find start-ups like Vasavi Adhesive, RL Fine Chem and RAC Pharmachemicals. Many more may join in the likely future.

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Funding, cyber security, training, exit patent, tax, lapses, robust, hiring, permits, problems, opportunities, internet, transportation, environment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ensuring equal access to education for visually impaired learners remains one of the most critical challenges in digital learning environments. The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), speech recognition, and natural language processing (NLP) has enabled the creation of voice-based learning and examination systems that promote inclusivity and independence [1], [2]. This paper surveys twelve significant studies published between 2015 and 2024 that focus on voice-enabled quizzes, e-learning platforms, and assistive technologies for visually impaired users. A comparative analysis of their objectives, methodologies, and outcomes reveals the steady shift from rule-based speech systems to AI-driven adaptive frameworks. Finally, a novel model--QUIZ TALK--is proposed, combining speech recognition, NLP, and adaptive feedback mechanisms to provide a holistic learning and assessment experience.

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Voice-based systems, Artificial intelligence, Speech recognition, Adaptive learning, Accessibility, Visually impaired.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present major global health challenges due to their progressive nature and lack of curative treatments. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed research and clinical approaches in this field. By integrating machine learning, deep learning, and multimodal data analytics, AI systems can detect early pathological changes, analyze neuroimaging and biomarker patterns, and improve diagnostic precision. AI-enabled monitoring through wearable devices, speech analysis, and digital behavioral tracking provides continuous assessment of disease progression, supporting timely interventions and individualized care. In drug discovery, AI accelerates target identification, compound screening, and drug repurposing, significantly reducing development timelines. Collectively, AI is reshaping the landscape of neurology by enabling earlier detection, more accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment strategies, and more efficient therapeutic development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial intelligence, Neurodegenerative diseases, Early diagnosis, Digital biomarkers, Drug discovery

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ayurveda is based on Tridosha, which means the theory of three elements of the universe. Vata, Pitta, and Kapha are the three doshas. The meaning of Vata is Wind, Pitta means Bile and Kapha means Phlegm. Those elements correspond to the tridosha that exists in the world, namely Air, Fire, and Water. Shaddharana Churna is a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation that has been described in the Samhitas like Sushrut Samhita, Ashtang Sangraham, Ashtang Hridayam, Madhava Nidana, Vrinda Madhava, Chakra Datta, Vangasena Samhita, Gada nigraha, Yoga Ratnakar, Brihat Nighantu Ratnakar, Yoga Chintamani, and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Shaddharana Churna contains six drugs of equal quantities. They are Chitraka, Indrayava, Patha, Katuka, Ativisha, and Abhaya / Haritaki. Plants are the exclusive source of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. Each monograph integrates botanical identification (macroscopic & microscopic), pharmacognostic characters, physicochemical constants, phytochemical marker identification, extraction methods, standardized assay procedures (TLC/HPLC/UV), recommended tests for contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxins, microbial limits), and a summary of reported pharmacological actions and safety data. The work presents validated laboratory procedures for preparing hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts, provides marker-based standardization targets (e.g., guggulsterones for guggul; bacosides for brahmi; shatavarin-type saponins for shatavari), and proposes stability, storage, and labelling requirements to meet regulatory and clinical needs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ayurveda, Monograph, Brahmi, Shatavari, Guggul

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition