Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Proof of Work (PoW) is a foundational consensus mechanism used in distributed ledger technologies, most famously by Bitcoin, to achieve distributed trust in a permission less environment without relying on a central authority. Its core function is to ensure the validity and immutability of transactions by requiring participants (miners) to expend significant computational effort to solve a cryptographic puzzle. This process is secured by computational difficulty, which makes it economically and practically infeasible for a malicious actor to alter the historical record. The solution, known as the nonce, allows a miner to propose the next block to the chain, which is then verified by the network. PoW offers exceptionally high security and enables true decentralization. However, it is heavily criticized for its high energy consumption and resulting environmental concerns, as well as a tendency toward hardware centralization (ASIC mining). Despite these challenges, PoW remains the most time-tested and reliable mechanism for networks prioritizing maximum security and decentralization.

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 Keywords

Proof of Work (PoW) , Blockchain , Consensus Mechanism , Distributed Trust , Decentralization , Bitcoin , Immutability , Computational Difficulty , Security Properties , Proof of Stake (PoS) , Mining.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Varicose veins are among the most common chronic venous disorders characterized by enlarged, dilated, and twisted superficial veins; these usually appear in the lower limbs and result from incompetence of the venous valves and impairment in blood circulation. Many people all over the world suffer from this condition and thus feel discomfort, experience reduced mobility, and impaired quality of life.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Treatment ,prevention ,herbal related issue ,early dignoasis , care ,of varicose vein

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study explores how traditional Indian textile motifs - specifically Banarasi brocade can be digitally and materially translated into the interior design of a flagship fashion store. It investigates appropriate use of luxury materials like onyx stone and Mother of Pearl, aesthetic and functional integration, and how this approach can reinforce brand identity, customer experience and cultural heritage. Drawing inspiration from Banarasi brocade's intricate patterns and cultural richness, the project incorporates materials like onyx stone and mother of pearl, celebrated for their aesthetic elegance and structural versatility. Literature reveals that onyx, with its translucency and natural veining, adds dramatic sophistication to interiors, while mother of pearl offers timeless beauty and mechanical resilience, as evidenced by studies on nacre's biomimetic properties and its innovative use in modern lacquerware. Further, research into stone craft in contemporary interiors emphasizes how material tradition can be revitalized through experimental design techniques. By referencing sustainable approaches such as onyx waste reuse in concrete, the project also touches upon environmentally conscious practices. The synthesis of these materials and traditions reimagines Indian craftsmanship in a modern context, creating a flagship store that is both luxurious and culturally rooted.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Flagship store, Onyx stone, Mother of Pearl, Maximalist interior, Banarasi brocade

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Steel slag, an industrial by-product from steel manufacturing, has emerged as a potential alternative to natural coarse aggregates in concrete. This project investigates the mechanical, physical, and durability properties of concrete when coarse aggregates are partially replaced with steel slag in varying proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). Extensive laboratory testing--including slump value, compressive strength, split-tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, and microstructural analysis (SEM)--was conducted. Results indicate that steel slag enhances concrete's density, compressive strength, and durability up to an optimum replacement level, after which workability issues and increased water demand negatively impact performance. This study concludes that steel slag is a sustainable, cost-effective, and mechanical performance-enhancing material for concrete production

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Steel slag, durability, compressive strength, split-tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, microstructural analysis (SEM).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Solid waste management (SWM) is a critical component of urban and rural environmental governance. Rapid urbanization, changing consumption patterns, and population growth have intensified pressure on waste collection, treatment, and disposal systems worldwide. This review synthesizes contemporary challenges in SWM, surveys established and emerging technologies, and outlines sustainable strategies that align with circular economy principles. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches combining technical, policy, and community-driven solutions to reduce environmental and public health impacts while recovering value from waste streams.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Solid waste management, recycling, waste-to-energy, circular economy, landfill, composting, resource recovery.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a profoundly transformative technology, enabling the seamless interconnection of physical devices, sensors, and digital systems. This paradigm facilitates real-time data collection, communication, and autonomous decision-making, which is rapidly reshaping critical sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and smart homes. This paper explores the fundamental concept, historical evolution, layered architecture, and wide-ranging applications of IoT. It also examines the inherent security and scalability challenges, briefly introduces the theoretical cornerstones, and outlines the promising future directions for research and deployment within the IoT ecosystem.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet of Things (IoT), IoT Architecture, Perception Layer (Sensors/Actuators), Network Layer, Processing Layer (Middleware) , Application Layer , Business Layer , Smart Cities , Industrial IoT (IIoT).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study explores the critical role of local governance in fostering economic development in Palin, the administrative headquarters of Kra Daadi district in Arunachal Pradesh. Recognizing the unique socio-economic and geographical context of this remote region, the research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys, in-depth interviews with local officials and community members, and analysis of secondary data sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of governance effectiveness. The study focuses specifically on the functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and their capacity to plan, implement, and monitor development initiatives, manage local resources, and address the economic challenges faced by residents. Findings reveal that local governance has contributed positively to infrastructure development, employment generation, and livelihood improvement programs, thereby creating opportunities for enhanced economic well-being. However, the study also highlights several structural and operational challenges, including limited financial autonomy, insufficient capacity-building mechanisms for local representatives, bureaucratic bottlenecks, and the difficulties posed by the region's rugged terrain and dispersed population. These constraints often impede the optimal functioning of local governance institutions, limiting their ability to achieve sustained economic growth. The research underscores the need for targeted policy interventions that strengthen institutional capacity, enhance financial and administrative decentralization, and promote community participation in decision-making processes. By addressing these challenges, local governance can play a more effective role in driving inclusive and sustainable economic development in Palin and similar remote regions of Arunachal Pradesh.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Local Governance, Economic Development, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Arunachal Pradesh, Palin, Kra Daadi District, Infrastructure, Livelihood Programs, Policy Recommendations

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines the use of three key cybersecurity tools Wireshark, Nmap, and Metasploit for effective vulnerability analysis in IT environments across public and private organizations. Wireshark helps capture and analyse real-time network traffic, Nmap is used to discover open ports and potential weaknesses, and Metasploit supports ethical penetration testing by simulating real attack scenarios. When combined, these tools enable organizations to identify security issues early, strengthen defences, and reduce the risk of cyber threats. The paper emphasizes the importance of regularly using these tools within a structured vulnerability management framework to improve overall cybersecurity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cybersecurity, Cyber Threats, Vulnerability Assessment and management, OpenVAS, Wireshark, Nmap, Metasploit.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Globalisation has transformed the socio-economic landscape of India, influencing political behaviour, civil society participation, and collective action. Karnataka, with its diverse social groups and dynamic political history, has witnessed the evolution of new social movements that reflect the changing aspirations of marginalized communities. Dalit movements, farmers' movements, and women's movements have gained renewed relevance in the post-globalisation period as structural reforms, market-driven policies, and rapid socio-economic shifts created new inequalities as well as new opportunities for mobilization. This study examines the emergence, growth, and transformation of these movements in Karnataka after the 1990s. It analyses how globalisation reshaped their organisational structures, leadership patterns, mobilization strategies, and ideological frameworks. The study draws from secondary data, academic literature, reports, and case analyses to understand how these movements contributed to democratic deepening, social justice struggles, and policy debates in contemporary Karnataka.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Globalisation; Karnataka; Social Movements; Dalit Movements; Farmers' Movements; Women's Movements; Civil Society

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents the computational simulation of sophisticated human cognitive processes, including learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. This research explores AI's rapid evolution, its foundational methodologies, and the organizational architectures necessary for deployment. We emphasize the critical distinction between AI types and detail a contemporary application--Predictive Maintenance--to illustrate AI's unique capability to generate significant operational and economic value. The study concludes that navigating ethical concerns, such as algorithmic bias and explainability, is paramount to realizing AI's full potential as an equitable global force.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Generative AI, Explainability (XAI), Reinforcement Learning, AGI, Neural Networks, Computer Vision, Data Science, MLOps

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition