Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Underemployment is the result of unemployment among educated people in Kerala.If a person is not doing a job according to their education and skills, it is called under-employment among such people.Underemployment, which mainly exists in rural areas, refers to the educationally competent people working in low-wage jobs related to agriculture. Underemployment, which is prevalent in urban areas, means that the higher educated are employed in less-than-qualified jobs in both the public and private sectors. This phenomenon which is seen in cities in many villages of Kerala continues.Time-related under- employment is listed as labour slack. Time-related underemployment refers to the underutilization of the labor force.Underemployment is primarily studied by classifying Kerala into three zones. The method of measuring underemployment is also discussed. The objective of this study was various types of under-employment, causes of under-employment and effect due to under-employment are analyzed with Kerala.

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 Keywords

Underemployment,Time related underemployment, Causes of underemployment, effect of underemployment, Visible underemployment,Invisible underemployment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Digital education has become an important part of the Indian education system, especially after the rapid expansion of online learning platforms. Senior secondary school students, who are at a crucial stage of academic and social development, have been significantly affected by this shift. This paper examines the impact of digital education on senior secondary school students in India from a sociological perspective. Using secondary data collected from books, research articles, government reports, and educational surveys, the study explores both the positive and negative effects of digital education. The paper highlights issues such as access to technology, social inequality, digital divide, learning experiences, and changes in student behavior. The findings suggest that while digital education has improved access to learning resources and flexibility, it has also increased educational inequality among students from different socio-economic backgrounds. The study concludes that digital education can be effective only when supported by inclusive policies, proper infrastructure, and social awareness.

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 Keywords

Digital Education, Senior Secondary Students, Social Inequality, Digital Divide, Sociology of Education

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Peer support is an effective strategy for promoting social integration of hearing-impaired students in inclusive classrooms. Social interaction is vital for emotional well-being, language development, communication skills, and academic achievement. However, students with hearing impairment often face challenges such as difficulty understanding spoken language, limited participation in conversations, and reduced involvement in group activities, which may result in isolation and low self-confidence. Structured peer support approaches, including buddy systems, cooperative learning, peer tutoring, and collaborative tasks, help reduce communication barriers and encourage active classroom participation. When peers are sensitized and guided to use clear speech, visual cues, and basic sign language, they become supportive partners in both learning and social engagement. These positive interactions promote empathy, mutual respect, and shared responsibility among students. Peer support not only strengthens the confidence and social competence of hearing-impaired learners but also fosters inclusive values among hearing peers. Overall, structured peer involvement contributes to a supportive and inclusive school environment where every student feels accepted, valued, and encouraged to participate fully.

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 Keywords

: Peer Support, Social Integration, Hearing Impairment, Inclusive Education Cooperative Learning Social Interaction etc.

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 Abstract

Mathematics education at the secondary level is vital for developing students' analytical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem-solving abilities. However, traditional classroom practices often place greater emphasis on procedural execution than on conceptual understanding and higher-order reasoning. With the increasing integration of digital technologies in schools, it has become important to examine whether digital classroom instruction can effectively enhance multidimensional mathematical competencies. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of digital classroom instruction in improving conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and higher-order mathematical competencies among Grade IX students. An experimental method using a pre-test-post-test control group design was employed. The sample consisted of 60 Grade IX students, equally divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). A researcher-developed and validated Mathematical Competency Test was used to assess the targeted competencies. The experimental group received 30 lessons through digital classroom instruction involving multimedia presentations, animations, simulations, interactive quizzes, and competency-based learning tasks, whereas the control group was taught through conventional methods. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, and effect size (Cohen's d). The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group over the control group in overall mathematical competencies as well as in conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and higher-order skills. The effect size indicated a large practical impact of digital classroom instruction. These results suggest that well-structured digital classroom pedagogy can substantially strengthen mathematical competency development at the secondary level. The study underscores the importance of integrating technology with competency-based instructional strategies to improve the quality and effectiveness of mathematics education.

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 Keywords

Digital classroom instruction, Mathematical competencies, Conceptual understanding, Procedural fluency, Higher-order thinking, Secondary school mathematics, Experimental study

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In the rapidly expanding digital economy, marketing communication has increasingly shifted from rational persuasion to emotional and psychological engagement. Among emerging behavioural drivers, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) has gained significant attention as a powerful influence on consumer perception and purchase behaviour. FOMO refers to the anxiety that individuals may miss valuable opportunities, experiences, or social benefits enjoyed by others. Digital marketing platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube frequently use urgency, scarcity, exclusivity, and social comparison to create this psychological response. This study aims to examine consumer perception towards FOMO-based digital marketing strategies in Malappuram District and to analyse their influence on purchase behaviour. The research adopts a quantitative approach supported by descriptive and analytical methods. Data will be collected from digital consumers through structured questionnaires. The study will evaluate awareness, emotional responses, ethical concerns, and trust related to FOMO marketing. The findings are expected to provide insights into how digital marketing strategies shape consumer perception and behaviour while highlighting the need for ethical and responsible marketing practices. The study contributes to behavioural marketing literature and offers practical guidance for marketers to balance engagement effectiveness with consumer welfare.

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 Keywords

FOMO, Consumer Engagement, Digital Marketing, Ethical Marketing, Behavioural Communication

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The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has significantly transformed the landscape of digital marketing in India. This paper explores the key role and far-reaching impact of social media on digital marketing strategies across various sectors. With a growing internet user base and increasing Smartphone penetration, platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and YouTube have become vital tools for brands to engage with consumers, build brand awareness, and drive sales. The study highlights how businesses -- ranging from startups to large corporations --leverage social media for targeted advertising, influencer marketing, real-time feedback, and customer relationship management. It also examines the challenges such as data privacy, content saturation, and algorithmic changes that affect visibility and engagement. Overall, the research underscores the dynamic and evolving role of social media as an indispensable component of digital marketing in Indian context.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Social Media, Digital Marketing, India, Face Book, Instagram,Twitter,Linkedin and You Tube.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Dalit youth, self-esteem, caste stigma, psychological wellbeing, higher education, discrimination.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Globalization, massification of higher education, accountability, and high-speed technological change has led to an increase in the role of leadership in higher education institutions (HEIs). The unique feature of universities as complex organizations is professional autonomy, shared governance, and various expectations of stakeholders that carry out work in universities, which complicates the process of leadership. In the present paper, the issue of leadership in higher education is reviewed based on academic literature. It will examine the conceptualization of leadership, prevailing leadership theories used in the academic science, monarch leadership position in various levels of institutions, and the predicaments of the academic leader. The review highlights transformational, distributed, ethical, and situational leadership as especially relevant to higher education institutions. However, persistent challenges such as governance constraints, role ambiguity, inadequate leadership preparation, and resistance to change continue to affect leadership effectiveness. The paper concludes by identifying research gaps and emphasizing the need for context-sensitive leadership development frameworks to enhance institutional effectiveness in higher education.

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Leadership, higher education institution, academic leadership, organization, theories of leadership.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Spodoptera litura, Natural diet, Morphometry, Bioassay, Glycine max

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Private Investment in Public Equity (PIPE) has emerged as an important alternative financing instrument for listed firms in emerging capital markets. In India, PIPE transactions are executed primarily through preferential allotments regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India and listed on recognized stock exchanges such as the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India. The growing reliance on PIPE financing reflects changing corporate funding strategies aimed at improving liquidity position, restructuring capital structure and enhancing operational flexibility. The present study examines the interrelationship between PIPE investments and selected financial influencers in Indian listed firms. The research is based on secondary data collected from financial statements and annual reports. Ratio analysis and correlation techniques are employed to analyse liquidity, leverage, profitability and asset efficiency indicators. The findings reveal that firms with higher leverage and liquidity constraints are more inclined to adopt PIPE financing. Post-investment analysis indicates improvement in solvency and gradual strengthening of profitability. The study contributes to understanding capital restructuring behaviour in the Indian corporate environment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

PIPE Investment, Capital Structure, Liquidity, Leverage, Financial Performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition