Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Trade and Commerce in Ancient India Dr. T. SASIKALA., Dr. K.POONGODI., Associate Professor of Economics, Librarian (S.G), Sir Sarada College for women (A), Sir Sarada College for women (A), Salem-636016. Salem-636016. Trade and commerce have always been essential parts of human life, shaping civilizations and connecting cultures. Ancient India, with its rich heritage, was a major player in the global trade networks of its time. This article takes you on a journey through the trade routes, goods, and cultural exchanges of ancient India, offering insights from historical and archaeological discoveries. This was the reality of ancient India, a land brimming with economic activity. Blessed with diverse resources and strategic geography, India became a hub for trade, both within its borders and across distant lands. This exploration takes a closer look at how trade operated, the goods that were exchanged, and the systems that kept it all running smoothly. India's unique location and natural features made it a trading paradise. Rivers like the Ganges, Yamuna, and Indus served as natural highways for goods, while the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal connected India to the world. The Himalayas and the oceans weren't barriers--they were bridges that facilitated trade. Trade has been a cornerstone of human civilization, dating back to when people first sought to exchange goods to meet their needs. In ancient India, trade evolved from simple bartering systems to more complex forms of exchange involving commodity currencies like bronze, copper, and cowry shells. This progression not only fulfilled material needs but also played a vital role in shaping Indian society, culture, and its place in the world.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Trade, goods, Commerce, trade routes, historical and archaeological discoveries, cultural exchanges of ancient India.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

India is a land of unity in diversity. There are different types of people with different life style. It is estimating with all its variety of language, caste, community life style and in regional matters. Even today some communities are logging behind an account of historical, ethic and environmental reasons. The communities, which are living in the forest and hilly regions, are leading their life below poverty line. Hence, the central Govt. after Independence decided to improve their standard of life and importance was given to the uplift men of these people. Hence, provision was made in the constitution to look after them. Many programs were drawn to protect and safe guard these communities. Thus the state and central Govt. were inspired to undertake many welfare programs to improve these communities. Tribal community is also one among these communities. Many people have continually studied about these communities. From this point of view, it is very necessary to study about the Tribal people who are living in the forest of Karnataka. Attempt has been made in this research work to give some details or explain about the Tribal people who are either in Karnataka or in India. Hence the first chapter in commenced with the introduction by giving the purpose and design of this research work.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Tribal community, climate, rock structure, environment.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Emotion recognition from speech is an essential task in humancomputer interaction, with applications in mental health monitoring, virtual assistants, and customer service automation. This project, "Emotion Recognition Using Speech Processing," aims to enhance the accuracy of emotion classification by leveraging advanced speech signal processing techniques and deep learning models. The system utilizes Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) to extract meaningful features from speech signals, as MFCCs effectively capture the timbral and phonetic characteristics of human voice. To improve the robustness of the feature set, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce dimensionality and remove redundant information, ensuring computational efficiency while retaining critical data. Additionally, an Isolation Forest algorithm is employed for anomaly detection and noise reduction, enhancing the quality of input features. For classification, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is designed to learn spatial hierarchies of features, capturing intricate patterns in speech signals that are indicative of different emotional states. The CNN model is trained and evaluated using standard emotional speech datasets, with performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score used to assess effectiveness. The proposed approach aims to outperform traditional machine learning models by improving generalization and adaptability to diverse speech variations. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of feature selection, anomaly detection, and deep learning leads to a significant boost in emotion recognition accuracy. This research contributes to the field of affective computing and speech analysis, paving the way for more intelligent and emotionally aware AI systems. Emotion recognition through speech processing is an advanced research area that aims to identify human emotions by analysing speech signals. This technology has significant applications in humancomputer interaction, mental health monitoring, virtual assistants, customer service, and psychological assessments. The proposed system employs machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest, kNearest Neighbours (KNN), and deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). It utilizes key speech features such as Melfrequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), prosody features, and spectral characteristics to accurately classify emotions. This research provides a foundation for creating intelligent and emotionally aware systems that enhance human-computer interaction.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Emotion recognition, speech processing, MelFrequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Isolation Forest, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), deep learning, affective computing, speech classification, machine learning.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?.?.??????? ????????? '????????????' ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ????? ???????? ? ????? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??. ???? ???? 'Flash Back' ??????? ??? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?????? ??. ?????, ???????, ???????, ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??. ??????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??. ???? ??? ??????, ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??. ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ??. ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??. ???? ? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??. ? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?.?.??????? ????????? '????????????' ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ????? ???????? ? ????? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??. ???? ???? 'Flash Back' ??????? ??? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?????? ??. ?????, ???????, ???????, ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??. ??

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Image Caption Generator project aims to bridge the gap between visual data & NL by automatically generating descriptive captions for images. The mode combines the strengths of CNNs and LSTM networks. Specifically, VGG16, a pre-trained CNN model, is used to extract deep features from images, which are then passed to an LSTM network to produce captions. Model's performance is evaluated using the BLEU score to assess how well the generated captions align with human-written ones. The Flickr 8k dataset, containing 8 thousand images each paired with five captions, serves as the primary dataset for training and testing. Implemented in Python, Jupyter Notebook, and Google Colab, the model is flexible and scalable, making it suitable for various real-world usage like accessibility and content management.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Image Captioning, CNN, LSTM, VGG16, BLEU Score, Flickr 8k Dataset, Deep Learning.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Environmental education and sustainable development - these two concepts are integrally related. These two major concepts have significant roles to play in dealing effectively with issues like climate change, equal distribution of resources etc. UNESCO also advocated sustainable development "is the ultimate goal of the Man-environment relationship; thus the whole educational process should be reshaped for sustainable development". A theoretical framework for environmental education is critically discussed in this chapter from several angles- aims, objectives, models, target groups, programmes etc. and how it is closely associated with the sustainable development concept is also enumerated. In an era of globalization, these two concepts should work hand in hand in promoting a holistic viewpoint of development covering all its major aspects- social, ecological, economic and environmental.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Environmental Education, Sustainable Development, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Humans and environment are connected in an intimate way because they both directly and indirectly rely on nature for the necessities of life, such as food, water, and shelter. They can get both non-renewable and renewable resources from nature to meet their needs. In the twenty-first century, people are simplifying their lives and complicating natural resources . In one way or another, people misuse natural resources, which damage the ecosystem. They are tampering with natural resources and negatively affecting both the plant and animal kingdoms in an attempt to make their way of life more sustainable. These repercussions include depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and contamination of the air, land, and water, among many more. These actions are the cause of numerous diseases, including cancer, hepatitis, malaria, cholera etc. As technology advances, people create new gadgets and appliances to make their lives easier. However, they are unaware of the potential consequences of their inventions, as products like air conditioners and refrigerators, are used extensively in homes and release harmful substances that affect both humans and the environment. Additionally, excessive use of these products can lead to mental and physical health issues. Furthermore, these health issues are making it more difficult for the government to provide the necessary medical facilities, forcing it to invest large sums of money in the development of new medications and vaccinations that have the potential to save lives. Thus, it can be concluded that any nation's sustainable development is closely linked to its environment. This essay explores how urbanization, industrialization and modernization is the cause of environmental problems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Depletion, sustainable, vaccination, contamination, environment

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: As we know that in the year of 2015, a committee led by the Cabinet Secretary T.S.R. Subramanian was created for framing the National Education Policy and thereby the committee presented the report to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) which was then publicly announced as a draft in the year 2019 and it was approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29th July, 2020. The policy The NEP 2020 states that "envisions an India-centred education system which contributes directly for transforming India sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society by providing high quality education to all" (Govt. of India, 2019). The policy focused the Indian educational system from every perspectives addressing various levels and types of education viz; pre-school education, school education, higher education, professional education, technical education and teacher education etc. The NEP 2020 recognizes the importance of technology while acknowledging its potential risk and dangers. NEP 2020 also stated that carefully designed and appropriately scaled pilot studies to determine the benefits of online/digital education. The existing digital platform and ongoing ICT-based educational initiative must be optimized and expanded to meet the current and future challenges in providing quality education for all.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: NEP 2020, Digital Platform, ICT, Challenges.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study aimed principally to asses the contamination of heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb are analysis in water, sediment and food fish Channa striata from the lake Kolleru. The study of contamination levels will be use full for environmental remediation and ecosystem restoration at contaminated sites and its provides a scientific data and protective measures for the lake. The study aimed principally to access such contamination by examining the results of heavy metals Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb analysis in water Sediment and food fish Channa. This study would allow identification of different accumulation metals as well as provides as assessment of the Magnitude of the metal contamination in the swamp environment.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

STUDIES ON HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND FOOD FISH CHANNA STRIATA FROM LAKE KOLLERU, ANDHRA PRADESH

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The field of drug delivery has witnessed transformative advancements through the emergence of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS), Which aim to optimize therapeutic efficacy , minimize side effects, and enhance patient compliance . This comprehensive review explores the latest innovations in NDDS , focusing on key technologies such as nanoparticles , liposomes, dendrimers, and transdermal systems. It highlights their applications in targeted drug delivery , controlled release mechanisms ,and overcoming challenges associated with conventional methods , such as poor bioavailability and systemic toxicity. Furthermore , the article discusses the integration of nanotechnology , polymer science, and biotechnology in advancing in advancing NDDS , along with their implications in treating chronic diseases, cancer , and neurological disorders. Emphasis is also placed on regulatory challenges and future directions to ensure the successful translation of these innovations into clinical practice. This review underscores NDDS as a pivotal aspect of modern pharmacology , promising to redefine therapeutic strategies and improve global healthcare outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

NDDS

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition