Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

This research paper aims to understand the beginning of Buddhist paintings in Sikkim, referencing the establishment and construction of early monasteries from the mid-seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century. This article has been segmented into two general categories, mural and Thangka . The existence of mural paintings completely relies on the structural condition or durability of the monastery, and the thangkas can be found scattered over Sikkim and neighbouring countries in due course of time. In this article, an attempt has been made to locate their historical date as per the available paintings. Lastly, this paper aims to present the factors behind the confusion in locating historical dates for existing early Buddhist paintings of Sikkim.

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 Keywords

Buddhist painting, monastery, thangka, mural, Chogyal, Sikkim.

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Women's education is important to achieve their empowerment and gender equality. Women's empowerment has consistently been a crucial aspect of both human and economic development in a country. Women play a significant role in the development process of social, economic, and political empowerment tends to foster growth. They are not only a vital component of society but also influence the course of change in it. In this paper we can learnt about women empowerment from Vedic period to modern era. To understand the origins of the denial of education to women, we must go deep into our past and examine the history of Ancient India. Historical sources indicate that the early period of history, the Rig Vedic period was one of the relative for equality and empowerment between the sexes. We hear of highly educated women, learned women scholars, and even warrior women. Scriptures such as the Rig Veda and Upanishads mention several women sages and seers, such as Gargi, Maitreyi, Viswavara, Ghosa and Apala. Now in modern era the government setup several scheme for empowered women. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to understand and develop knowledge regarding women empowerment since Vedic period to modern era. This paper "Women and Wisdom: The Empowering Impact of Education in Ancient India" will help us to gain knowledge about women empowerment in the context of India.

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 Keywords

Women, Education, Empowerment, Vedic Period, Equality.

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The study identifies key themes of grief, coping mechanisms, and identity reconstruction as central to the characters' experiences in the novel Ordinary People by Judith Guest with an emphasis on post-traumatic growth. The analysis draws on theoretical frameworks of PTG to understand how the characters navigate the stages of grief, confront emotional pain, and ultimately experience significant shifts in their self-perception, relationships and life goals. By analyzing Conrad's transformation and the dynamics within his family, the study sheds light on the complex interplay between trauma and personal development, demonstrating how grief can lead to profound changes in meaning and identity. This research enhances the understanding of grief, viewing it not only as a challenging experience but also as a potential catalyst for growth, particularly through timely psychological interventions that foster resilience and self-discovery.

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grief, trauma, identity reconstruction, post-traumatic growth, catalyst, resilience.

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Abstract: The agricultural sector in Haryana, a state known for its substantial contribution to India's food production, particularly wheat and rice, has been facing numerous challenges in recent years. These challenges have resulted in a crisis affecting farmers, rural communities, and the overall agricultural economy. This research article explores the major causes behind the crisis in Haryana's agriculture sector, ranging from environmental factors, economic distress, and other issues. Through a detailed examination, this paper seeks to identify key contributors to the crisis in the Haryana's agricultural landscape.

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 Keywords

Agriculture, Agrarian Crisis, Soil Degradation, Land Fragmentation, Haryana

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Chronic kidney disease affects 10-13% of people, is gradual, irreversible, and linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Most of the time, patients with this condition do not exhibit any symptoms; only in more advanced stages do they show the normal problems of renal failure. Treatment options include replacement therapy (haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation) or conservative care (patients without a dialysis indication, typically those with a glomerular filtration rate greater than 15 ml/minute). Slowing the course of renal dysfunction, treating comorbidities (such as anaemia, bone disorders, and cardiovascular illnesses), being vaccinated against hepatitis B, and getting ready for kidney replacement therapy are the goals of conservative treatment for chronic kidney disease.

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CKD, eGFR, ABPM, RAAS, ESRD, ACR, CVD, LMIC.

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The Tamil Nadu Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, was passed in order to end the widespread problem of vulnerable people being exploited through bonded labour, which is prevalent in the informal and rural sectors. This study examines the Act's efficacy in Tamil Nadu, concentrating on its application, difficulties, and effects on the lives of those who have been rescued. Bonded labour persists despite the legal framework established by the Act because of things like socioeconomic inequality, insufficient enforcement, and ignorance. Because of things like socioeconomic inequality, poor enforcement, and ignorance, bonded labour still exists despite the legal framework the Act provides. The study investigates the activities of the government, law enforcement agencies, and non-governmental groups in combatting bonded labour and analysing the rehabilitation efforts for liberated labourers. It shows the progress done in terms of rescue operations and awareness campaigns while also exposing weaknesses in enforcement and rehabilitation systems. Although the Act has helped to legally outlaw bonded labour, the study's conclusion makes the case that tackling underlying problems like poverty, illiteracy, and caste-based exploitation is crucial to long-term success. In order to completely remove bonded labour in Tamil Nadu and elsewhere, a thorough and multifaceted strategy is required.

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 Keywords

Bonded Labour System, Legal Frame work, Labour Exploitation, Rehabilitation, Socio-economic Challenges, Poverty, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ,Government Initiatives Labour Rights

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Women who have dared to rise above their mundane problems of their marital life for ambition or freedom have been marginalized since the Victorian era. Noble women seldom went punished for their crimes becoming urban legends, while common female criminals became sensations with funny names (Jolly Jane, Giggling Grany etc). The advent of easy availability of chemicals and their varied uses for every household led to revenges, murders which in turn led to unsuccessful bans, court cases and the provision of poisoning tests. Since literature is a mirror to the society and vice versa; theatres, newspapers, periodicals became abuzz with writers imagining murder scenes, monologues of the poisoners with their suppliers, trying to understand their psyche. The following paper explores the narratives of popular poetry, fiction and fairytale that deal with a nefarious royal female poisoner.

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female poisoners, narration, dramatic monologue, fantasy fiction, fairytale

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Villages are the backbone of India" Mahatma Gandhi's words are literally true. Thirty-fourth of the country's population lives in villages and depends on agriculture. Agriculture in the country is not only in the culture and traditions of the country. It plays a vital role in the country's economy.The geographical, linguistic, historical, literary and cultural ties between the Telugu-Kannada people are strong and extensive. When looking at the two areas, it can be observed that there are similar similarities and closeness.Being agriculture based states, many aspects related to agriculture are interwoven in the folklore as well.Agriculture is a vital occupation for humans. But the climate of all countries is not suitable for agriculture. Only a few countries have that facility. India is one such country. Agriculture has been an occupation since ancient times.Among the literatures, folk literature is also a literature that comes from ancient times. In India, which has a rural system, the folk have definitely incorporated their experience in the form of proverbs in their respective languages.Among the proverbs in Telugu, the agricultural proverbs, especially the proverbs related to rain, are analyzed in this article.

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Telugu-Kannada Agricultural Rain Proverbs: A Comparative Study

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Over the ages, the jali craft work on the soft stone in the Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh has come to be recognised as one of the rich traditions in the domain of stone craft with this wisdom being transferred from one generation to another. The soft stone jali work of Varanasi has created its own unique identity not just in the domestic circuit but in the global markets too. While, earlier, this craft was used mostly on temples, sculptures of gods and goddesses, and some other architectural structures; today, it has also evolved to cater to the utility and decor needs of the market. Consequently, the artisans have started creating utility products using the jali craft like - pen-stands, paperweights, coasters, tiles, lampstands, trays, bowls, boxes, tabletops, etc. This paper attempts to study the ideation processes going into the determination of the designs of the products created using the craft. It aims to capture the strategies applied in understanding the design needs of the market in creating the products and the factors that artisans consider before finalising the designs of their crafts. Methodologically, the paper builds on a qualitative approach deploying in-depth focus group discussions (FGDs) and a semi-structured questionnaire, focusing on design inspirations, historical influences, market demands, and product evolution for data collection with the soft stone jaali work artisans of Varanasi. The data collected through these methods would be transcribed and analysed using qualitative data analysis techniques. In terms of contribution, the findings of the paper would underline the recent trends and innovations in the craft from a design perspective which may be seen as a humble addition to the existing knowledge.

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 Keywords

Soft stone, craft, jali work, Varanasi, Product design, Ideation process etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In Governments supply chains, implementation of online systems is a challenge due to several stakeholders' involvement and their difficulties in active participation. Any supply chain system's objective is to economize the total cost ownership (TCO). To assess the outcomes of online supply systems, continuous measurement of key performance indicators is a must and to take corrective action further towards cost savings. The last 15 years implemented electronic procurement systems in Indian Railway has benefitted the organization to enhance public procurement ethics of Equity, fairness, transparency besides Value for money spent on public procurement. In this paper the issues faced in the erstwhile systems are studied and how Indian Railway implemented supply systems benefitted in improving the KPI of supply chain. The performance is measured duly by comparing old systems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Electronic procurement, Public procurement, supply chain performance, Indian Railway procurement

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition