Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The evolution of global economic forums such as the G7 and G21 has played a critical role in shaping international financial stability and economic policy coordination. The research studies the external sector performance three countries from three continents under G21- the USA, the UK and Japan. The data is examined from 2000 to 2023. The five major factors of the external sector which are highlighted are GDP, international trade, direction of trade, exchange rate, and balance of payments. The study employs statistical methods, including the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression models, to assess the relationships between real GDP and net trade. The findings highlighted that though USA exhibited highest GDP growth, there were persistent trade deficits in both USA and UK implying structural trade imbalances. Japan faces challenges like declining foreign reserves and demographic shifts, despite stable trade relationships. Exchange rate fluctuations showed influence in trade balances with currency depreciation affecting import costs. These results show that international organizations are becoming more important in helping countries stay financially stable and strong as global economic problems change.

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 Keywords

External sector, International trade, Global Economy, G21, GDP growth, Balance of Payment, Exchange rate, Trade balances

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Focusing on realizing Buddhist conservation lessons, this paper seeks to grasp the relationship between Buddhism and ecology in contemporary Myanmar. Myanmar is rich in Theravada Buddhism and thoroughly ingrained in this philosophy and rich culture; so, its attitude toward nature is much influenced since Theravada Buddhism is practiced mostly in this country. Key principles of Buddhism are interdependence, awareness of self and surroundings, compassion, and tranquility; it helps individuals view and solve environmental issues. Buddhism has found application in many respects in Myanmar for environmental stewardship, including supporting several groups of Buddhist monks committed to their cause. Research, interviews, and field studies reveal that many Buddhists, environmentalists, and politicians in Myanmar engage in these for both religious and environmental concerns. Still, these guidelines are difficult to follow as modernizing initiatives, deforestation, and climate change concerns seem to contradict the larger integration of Buddhist ecology under current environmental policy in Myanmar. This article emphasizes how Buddhist teachings, together with the above listed limitations, could improve the surroundings of Myanmar. It ends with the assertion that, with proper application, Buddhist ecology can significantly raise awareness of environmental problems among communities, change public perceptions of conservation, and offer long-lasting solutions for major environmental crises. This study clarifies how new environmental habits might be relevant depending on religious and ideological background. It shows how relevant some of Buddhist environmental teaching ideas are for the current eco-crisis of Myanmar.

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 Keywords

Buddhist Ecology, Nature Conservation, Sustainable Practices, Myanmar, Buddhism, Environmental Stewardship, Sacred Natural Scenes, Buddhist Monasticism, Ecological Awareness

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Keratinophilic fungi are ecologically important eukaryotic organisms that are known to play a diverse role in ecosystem stability and functioning. Some Keratinophilic fungi are pathogenic and have the ability to invade keratinized tissues of human being and animals to produce infection, dermatomycosis. Keratinophilic fungi produce the keratinase enzyme which degrade the most stable protein known as keratin on the earth. Keratin is a long, strong, strand-like protein that are insoluble in water naturally present in hair, nails, feathers, wool, hooves and hides. In nature millions of tons of keratin waste discarded from the poultry, meat, leather and textile industries that can lead environment pollution. Over the last decades, many researchers had reported and isolated keratinophilic fungi. These specialized keratin-degrading fungi adapt to varied environmental conditions such as soil and other dermatophytic substrates. These fungal group degrade keratin waste which can used for purposes such as nutrition in animal feed or fertilizers, medicines and cosmetics. The hair baiting technique is known to culture and isolate keratinophilic fungi in a much simpler and economically cheaper way. This article summarizes the hair baiting technique given by Vanbreuseghem and modified keratin-baiting technique to isolate and identify the fungi known for keratin degradation. Additionally, the important steps and ecological role of keratinophilic fungi in soil have also been discussed. It is believed that this specialized functional group of fungi will play a major role in ecosystem stability, functioning, and recycling for the future resources. This review also gives new shape to a special field of study medical mycology with various skin infections.

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Dermatomycosis, Ecological role, Keratinophilic fungi, Keratin-baiting technique,

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The increasing adoption of digital tools has significantly impacted the scalability of businesses led by women entrepreneurs in Delhi-NCR. Digital transformation enables these businesses to expand their market reach and improve productivity through e-commerce platforms, social media marketing, cloud computing, and digital payment systems. This study assesses the role of digital tools in helping women entrepreneurs scale their businesses and evaluates how digitalization influences productivity and operational efficiency. A survey conducted among women entrepreneurs in Delhi-NCR indicates that over 75% have integrated digital tools into their operations, with 68% reporting a noticeable increase in their customer base. Digital platforms have allowed businesses to reduce costs and expand into new markets without substantial physical investments. Additionally, social media and data-driven marketing strategies have enhanced customer engagement, leading to increased brand visibility and revenue growth. On the operational front, digitalization has contributed to a 40% improvement in efficiency by automating routine tasks and optimizing resource allocation. Cloud-based solutions and digital collaboration tools have streamlined business operations, enabling faster decision-making and improved workflow management. However, despite these benefits, challenges such as limited digital literacy, cybersecurity risks, and inadequate financial support hinder seamless adoption. The study highlights the transformative impact of digital technology on women-led businesses in Delhi-NCR, emphasizing the need for enhanced digital training programs, financial assistance, and policy support to maximize the benefits of digitalization. Strengthening the digital ecosystem will further empower women entrepreneurs, fostering business scalability and long-term sustainability in the region. .

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Digital transformation, business scalability, women entrepreneurs, Delhi-NCR, operational efficiency, productivity, digital tools.

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This research article examines the impact of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on financial inclusion and savings behaviour in Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka. By analysing384 household-level data, the research assesses changes in savings patterns, banking access, and financial independence before and after MGNREGA participation. The findings reveal a significant increase in household savings, with a 50.0% rise in savings levels between INR10,001-INR25,000 per year and a 59.3% decline in households reporting no savings after program participation. Additionally, bank account ownership increased from 58.3% to 92.7%, while access to formal credit rose by 150.7%, underscoring the scheme's role in financial inclusion. The independent sample t-test results indicate a highly significant improvement in household savings (p=0.000), financial inclusion (p=0.001), and access to credit (p=0.004) among participants compared to non-participants. Despite these positive outcomes, challenges such as limited rural banking infrastructure, procedural inefficiencies, and financial literacy gaps persist. The study recommends strengthening digital wage payments, enhancing financial literacy programs, and expanding rural banking accessibility through mobile banking and microfinance linkages. These insights highlight MGNREGA's potential in fostering sustainable financial empowerment and reducing economic vulnerability in rural India.

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Economic empowerment, financial inclusion, MGNREGA, Savings behaviour, Rural banking

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Family is the foundation of all cultures. People in India learn cultural basics in their homes. The patrilineal family structure underpins society in most of the country. The joint family is the most common residential unit, with three or four patrilineal related generations living together, working, dining, worshipping, and engaging in mutually beneficial social and economic activities. Men, their wives, and offspring make up patrilineal joint families. Young women usually live with their husband's family after marriage, although they stay close to their birth families. The family retains close ties with its father, brother, uncles, grandparents, nephews, and cousins. Often, they all live under the same roof and have a good relationship. Rich families have a diverse amount of servants, tamed animals, and so on. A Brahmana householder has separate apartments for students. They frequently stay there to complete their lessons and are considered as members of the same family. Ancient India was polygamous. Man has multiple wives. A son must serve his father's wives like his mother due to family ties. Indian fathers are family heads. His decision is final. During the funeral rite, also known as Sraddha, all of the members of the family are brought together. In the same way that during this event, all three generations come together to pay their respects to the decedent. Sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons, if any are present, make up these three generations. The ritual of Sraddha, during which rice balls known as pinda were presented to the participants, was an essential component in the process of bringing the members together from their shared ancestors.

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1 Madhyama vyahoga, sloka 31, page 34 2 Pratima Natakam, Act V, page 160 3 Pratijna Yougandharayanam, Act II, pp51-52 4 Caste System in Ancient India, Shakuntala Devi p 153 5 Pratima Natakam, Act I, p47 6 Abhisheka Natakam, Act I, p13 7 Charudatta, Act I, p30

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Alcoholism is correlated with a tolerable risk of suicidal behavior. Individuals with alcoholism who try or complete suicide are characterized by major depressive episodes, stressful life events, especially interpersonal difficulties, poor social support, living alone, high aggression, negative effect hopelessness, severe alcoholism, comorbid substance specifically cocaine abuse, serious medical illness, suicidal communication, and preceding suicidal behavior. This paper focuses on explaining the relationship between alcohol and suicidal behavior. All individuals who have strong alcoholic consumption tend to commit suicide. Alcohol affects our mental health and it offers psychiatric disorders and there is a high risk of suicide. Increasing risk of suicidal behavior may be pointed to social withdrawal, failure of social bonds, and social marginalization which are common sequences of untreated alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol is a depressant that changes the elegant balance of chemicals in our brains. Drinking alcohol slows down the brain processes in the central nervous system and can mess with what our brain needs to do to keep up good mental health. Most people hardly rely on suicide. The main reason behind suicide is an increased rate of alcohol consumption. They believe alcohol is a self-medication. Today the generation is suffering from anxiety, mental illness, psychiatric disorders, depression, etc., so they consume alcohol to get relief and to forget the worst situations. Alcoholism has the power to destroy a person who has no history of health issues. Alcohol may give temporary relief from suicidal intentions. Mostly people exploit alcohol at higher risk for depression and suicide. Alcohol reduces shyness and affects a person's capacity to think clearly.

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Key Words: - Alcoholism, suicidal behavior, psychiatric disorder, alcohol, suicide.

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 represents a comprehensive reform aiming to reshape India's education system to foster holistic development, critical thinking, and innovation. This study explores the fundamental features of NEP 2020 and evaluates how these aspects contribute to national development and educational transformation. Three primary objectives guide the research: first, to identify the core characteristics of NEP 2020 targeted at educational reform and national development; second, to analyse its multidisciplinary approach, particularly in higher education; and third, to examine how NEP 2020 can practically be realized to achieve its transformative goals. Through qualitative research methods, including reviews NEP 2020 policy documents, government reports, and academic articles, the study highlights the multifaceted nature of NEP 2020. The findings reveal that NEP 2020 aims to provide equitable access to quality education, reduce disparities, and empower marginalized communities through a revamped infrastructure and emphasis on digital learning. In terms of higher education, the policy advocates for a flexible, multidisciplinary model that encourages students to engage across multiple disciplines, promoting critical thinking and versatility. The study finds that while this multidisciplinary approach holds promise for transforming India's higher education landscape, challenges like infrastructure, curriculum overhaul, and faculty preparedness need urgent attention. Furthermore, the research emphasizes that realizing the vision of NEP 2020 requires the cultivation of a supportive learning environment, continuous professional development for teachers, and strong coordination between various education stakeholders. The success of NEP 2020 hinges on effective execution, adequate resource allocation, and fostering a collaborative attitude across the educational ecosystem. Overall, this study demonstrates that while NEP 2020 offers a visionary roadmap, its pragmatic implementation requires substantial groundwork, strategic policies, and long-term commitment from all involved parties.

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Curriculum Transformation, Education Reform, National Education Policy 2020, Pragmatic implementation.

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Employee job satisfaction is crucial in any sector or an industry for successful organisation, fluent production, employee retention, and overall workplace morale. This study specially examines job satisfaction at various levels i.e., Executive level, Associate level, Assistant Manager level, Manager level (Team Leader) at Telebu Communications. Telebu communications is a leading provider of business communication solutions. Through a combination of surveys and qualitative interviews, the research identifies key factors affecting employee satisfaction, including work-life balance, compensation, career growth opportunities, and workplace culture. The findings highlight the impact of remote work policies, leadership effectiveness, and employee engagement initiatives on job satisfaction. By analysing these elements, the study provides insights into how Telebu Communications can enhance employee well-being and optimize organizational performance.

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Employee Job Satisfaction, Telebu Communications, work-life balance, Herzberg's theory, Job Characteristic Model.

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The increasing need for continuous and real-time monitoring of patients, especially those Who are in Chronic conditions, has driven the development of advanced healthcare systems. This paper presents a smart healthcare monitoring and tracking system that integrates GPS, Telegram, and ThingSpeak to provide comprehensive patient care. The system is designed to monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature using wearable sensors. The collected data is transmitted to a cloud-based platform, ThingSpeak, where it is stored, analyzed, and visualized in real-time. The GPS module tracks the patient's location, which is particularly useful for elderly patients or those with cognitive impairments who are prone to wandering. This information is crucial in emergencies, allowing caregivers to locate the patient quickly. Telegram is used as a communication interface, providing instant notifications and updates to healthcare providers, caregivers, and family members. The integration of these technologies creates a reliable and user-friendly system that enhances patient safety, improves response times in emergencies, and facilitates better overall healthcare management. This system aims to reduce the burden on healthcare facilities by enabling remote monitoring and immediate intervention when necessary, ultimately improving patient outcomes

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: ESP32, GPS(NEO-6M), ArduinoIDE, MLX90614 (TemperatureSensor) Max30100(Pulse Sensor).

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