Volume 13 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

With a focus on how it manifests itself in the conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine this essay examines how warfare is evolving through the prism of hybrid warfare. A key element of contemporary conflict is hybrid warfare, a multipronged approach that blends conventional military operations with unconventional strategies like cyberattacks, information warfare and proxy forces. 1 The article explores hybrid warfare's historical foundations and charts its development from Cold War methods to modern uses. The background of globalization and interconnectedness where the lines separating the military and civilian spheres as well as between conflict and peace are blurring emphasizes the significance of this incident. Using a mixed methods approach the study combined quantitative data analysis with qualitative assessments of media scholarly literature and government documents. Case studies focusing on specific conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East such as the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Syrian Civil War and the Yemen Conflict will be conducted to examine the specific tactics used, their effects on the ground and the responses of various stakeholders. This paper examines the evolution of hybrid warfare in recent years and its implications for international security and the current global order. It focuses on the evolving number of hybrid warfare techniques in contemporary situations which are fuelled by obscure developments that challenge established state dominance and give non-state actors a boost. 2. has enormous destabilizing effects and raises the risk of escalation in addition to undermining international standards and extending local tensions through hybrid warfare recommendations. 3. Alternatives that are more comprehensive and adaptable must be created because conventional army responses to hybrid warfare have proven ineffective. This section on hybrid warfare in modern cartography will outline the theoretical underpinnings of hybrid warfare, its distinguishing characteristics, and its relationships to other conflict types such as anarchistic and uneven warfare. It will investigate how the assistance and comradely media era enhance and enable hybrid warfare tactics. influence of hybrid warfare on the conflict between Russia and Ukraine: This section will examine the specific hybrid warfare tactics that Russia has employed in its conflict with Ukraine such as cyberattacks, proxy warfare and false aid campaigns. It will also evaluate the effects of these tactics on Ukrainian politics associations and foreign family members. With an emphasis on the ways in which various agencies have employed anarchistic tactics throughout the region's history the historical background of hybrid warfare in the Middle East will also be examined. Stories like The Iran-Israel Conflict: An Analysis of Iran and Israel's Use of Cyberattacks Covert Measures and Proxy Armaments may be of particular interest. Yemen Crisis: Examining how Saudi Arabia Iran and the United Arab Emirates support rival groups in the conflict through both military and non-military means. Examining the various facets of the Syrian conflict such as cyberwarfare media manipulation foreign intervention and the emergence of extremist groups. Investigators are looking into how the UAE and Saudi Arabia participate in proxy war including through cyber activity militia support and the use of political and economic influence.

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Cyberwarfare Proxy Wars International Security

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This paper, Beyond Western Gaze: Indigenous Epistemologies and Feminist Decolonization, explores how indigenous knowledge systems intersect with feminist decolonization, challenging the Western perspectives that have long dominated global discourse. By examining Rabindranath Tagore's Chokher Bali and Bama's Karukku, the study highlights how marginalized voices resist both colonial and patriarchal narratives through alternative ways of knowing. In Chokher Bali, Tagore critiques the rigid social norms and patriarchal constraints of colonial Bengal, portraying female agency within an indigenous cultural framework. The character of Binodini challenges societal expectations placed on widows, illustrating the tension between tradition and modernity. Meanwhile, Bama's Karukku, a deeply personal autobiographical work, sheds light on the struggles of Dalit Christian women in Tamil Nadu, exposing the systemic oppression of caste and colonial religious structures. Through her narrative, Bama reclaims oral traditions and lived experiences as valuable forms of knowledge, making her work a powerful tool for decolonization. By analyzing these texts through the lens of indigenous epistemologies, the paper emphasizes how non-Western feminist narratives disrupt dominant knowledge structures. It argues that decolonizing feminism requires moving beyond Eurocentric frameworks to include the experiences, oral histories, and cultural expressions of marginalized communities. Ultimately, the study calls for a more inclusive and intersectional approach to feminism that values indigenous ways of knowing as essential to the broader decolonization movement.

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Keywords: Indigenous epistemologies, feminist decolonization, postcolonial feminism, caste, colonialism

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Women are the backbone of society, and empowering them would accelerate social progress. They play a crucial role in family businesses, however, their contributions are often overlooked. In rural areas, women have traditionally handled agricultural production, domestic responsibilities, and childcare. Micro enterprises have enabled rural women in developing countries like India to achieve economic independence, particularly in areas with limited earning options. Educated rural women in India face significant challenges in achieving equal rights in a society dominated by men. The present study is carried out in Kachchh district of Gujarat State. The study is based on secondary data. The study investigates The study aims to assess the number of Self-help Groups (SHGs) in Kachchh district, evaluate women's participation, compare SHG growth rate with other Gujarati regions, and examine SHG distribution. Women entrepreneurs contribute significantly to the development of social economies, and they run a large portion of microbusinesses in developing nations. Rural women make a substantial, underappreciated contribution to their family businesses. In rural places, their primary responsibilities have always been childcare, household chores, and agricultural production.

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 Keywords

Self-help Groups, Women Empowerment, Rural development, Women's social participation, Kachchh district.

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In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of self-employment among college students, and students are taking the initiative to find new opportunities for themselves, rather than relying on parents or schools or waiting for opportunities.The COVID pandemic has made many youth unemployed and forced entrepreneurs to start startups.India is the seventh largest country by area and the second largest country with a population of 1.32 billion. A large population means a large potential market in India.However, this also creates a huge employment pressure in Indian society. Thus, entrepreneurial skills will be the future of India. But being the most populous country, there are many challenges.The aim of this research is to explore the challenges of financing startups in India. This paper discusses the financing resources of startups in India by highlighting the main challenges faced by startups in India.

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Self-employment, entrepreneurial skills, startup funding, etc.

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Horticulture, accounting for over 20% of Himachal Pradesh's GDP, is a significant contributor to the state's economy, producing a diverse range of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, including apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, walnuts, almonds, citrus fruits, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions. This paper examines the growth trends in area and production of major fruit crops and vegetables and role of horticultural for the development of tribes. 1 It was concluded that production of fruits and vegetables in Himachal Pradesh has fluctuated over the past decade, but the overall trend is slightly upward. This is likely due to a number of factors, including government support, improved horticultural practices, and growing demand. The increasing production of fruits is a good thing for the state, as it provides a number of economic, nutritional, and environmental benefits. Overall, horticulture is a valuable tool that can be used to promote the development of tribal areas. By improving income, food security, nutrition, and employment opportunities, horticulture can help to raise the standard of living and improve the quality of life for tribal communities.

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Keywords - Agriculture, Horticulture, Area, Production, Productivity, Himachal Pradesh, Chamba, Kinnuar and Lauhal-Sipti.

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The Research work Presents a intelligent Infant monitoring system. This system is helpful for working parents to ensure care and safety of their babies with use of state-of-the-art technologies. A Infant feels uncomfortable with inner un-recognized health issues, a wet diaper and it can leads to serious health issues such as itchy rashes, skin inflammation, chronic decease's etc. therefore, timely taking decisions by regular monitoring health related information is essential for ensuring good baby Health. Similarly Dermatitis and skin blisters can be avoided by changing the diaper as soon as the baby urinates or passes stool. In this proposed work, a smart wireless wearable sensor network is developed which responds and sends an automatic notification to a caregiver after detection of baby timely health information, urination/Stool event happened inside infant/baby diaper. In additionally, proposed system detects urination event noninvasively by sensing the urine PH value, diaper moisture level and temperature change on the outer surface of the diaper and quantifies the event using a decision strategy. the miniature sensing system under developing is mainly aims to lower usage of recourse budget and facilitates reusability of developed system design with effecting baby wearing comport of diaper. Furthermore, the design also incorporates the facility of the data logger that can store the events and frequent change of diaper information for future event predictions and supports communication with the Smartphone, cloud-based devices that will support the proper diagnosis using these diaper change urgency score and logs all the urination events. In Future this research work is further expands by integrating various miniature sensors for activity monitoring, position tracking of an infant and Electrodes detect urine, urine sugar etc.

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1. Intelligent Infant Monitoring System, 2. Arduino Due, 3. Wireless Wearable Sensor Network, 4. Urination Detection, 5. Health Monitoring, 6. Diaper Moisture Level, 7. Urine pH Level, 8. Temperature Sensing, 9. Miniature Sensors.

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Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life written by Hector Garcia and Fraucesc Miralles originally written in Spanish and published in 2016, is one of the internationally best selling non-fictions. It has been translated into 70 languages and more than 5 million copies of this book have been sold. This book has been translated into Hindi too. In this paper I delve into the Hindi translation of this book translated and compare it with the English translation of the same and in certain cases, wherever necessary,also refer to the original text written in Spanish. With the help of a systematically curated list of errors in the Hindi translation, I try to analyse the type and quality of translations. Theoretical view and practical annotation will benefit the readers as well as translators. This is a technical and descriptive research paper.

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Ikigai , translation, non-fiction, Hindi.

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The Indian Information Technology (IT) industry is a key driver of economic growth, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and technological advancements. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the financial performance of major Indian IT firms--Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, and Tech Mahindra--to evaluate their profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and market position. The research utilizes financial ratio analysis, trend analysis, and comparative analysis over a five-year period (2019-2024) to assess key indicators such as operating profit margin, return on capital employed (ROCE), debt-equity ratio, and liquidity ratios.Findings indicate that TCS and Infosys lead the sector with strong profitability, efficient capital utilization, and stable financial health, whereas Wipro and Tech Mahindra exhibit lower margins and efficiency. HCL Technologies shows steady growth but faces competition-related challenges. The study highlights that factors such as digital transformation, innovation, debt management, and market diversification play a crucial role in financial stability and growth. The research provides valuable insights for investors, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering recommendations for improving operational efficiency, optimizing capital allocation, and strengthening market positioning in an evolving global IT landscape.

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finances, TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL, Ratio analysis

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Herbal Soap is a natural alternative to commercial soap. Herbal soaps are made by using botanical herbs and other natural ingredients, which are healthy for the skin & less likely to cause any damaging effect. They are eco-friendly because they are made from biodegradable products. It is also suitable for individuals having sensitive skin. Various herbs used in herbal soap provide -benefits like soothing, providing natural fragrance, and reducing stress and anxiety through aromatherapy. These components possess antifungal, ant? inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, which help them treat Skin conditions like acne, eczema, and Psoriasis. Herbal Soap is available in a variety of perfumes & formulations, so individuals have many options to check one that suits their individual needs. Aloe vera, neem, turmeric, lavender, papaya, lemongrass, rosemary, tea tree, and clove are somecommonly used herbs in the preparation of herbal soap. Herbal soap is becoming popular as an eco-friendly and safe option in personal care.

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Herbal soap, natural product, skin health, anti-inflammatory, evaluation test.

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This paper highlighted Startup Business for New Entrepreneurs, Starting Your Own Business takes you step by step through the startup journey, from how to get an idea for a business to finally opening the doors to your new venture. New technology tends to come from new ventures-startups. From the Founding Fathers in politics to the Royal Society in science to Fairchild Semiconductor's "traitorous eight" in business, small groups of people bound together by a sense of mission have changed the world for the better. Opportunity entrepreneur's person who starts a business, acts as a manager and with a view to expand the business to maximum. The more you can plan and prepare yourself before you start, the better your chances of success once you open. The level of entrepreneurship existing in a society dictates its industrial health. One of the first decisions that you will have to make as a business owner is how the company should be structured.

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Introduction, Meaning of Entrepreneur, Definitions of Entrepreneurs, Types of Entrepreneurs, Development of The Concept of Entrepreneurship, the 10 Steps to Starting a Business, Role of Entrepreneur in Economic Development, Setting Goals, A Good Business Plan Checklist, The Business Planning Process, The Business Planning Process.

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