Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Natural dyes obtained from plant sources are increasingly preferred due to their eco-friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic properties. This study focuses on the extraction of natural dye from the bark of the Jamun tree (Syzygium cumini) and its application on natural fabrics such as lotus and linen. The aim of the study was to extract dye from jamun bark and evaluate its dyeing performance, antimicrobial activity, and color fastness properties on lotus and linen fabrics using a natural mordant. The method used involved collecting jamun tree bark, drying and grinding it into small particles, and extracting the dye through aqueous boiling. After dyeing, the samples were tested for antimicrobial activity and evaluated for color fastness properties including washing, crocking (rubbing), and sunlight exposure. The important results showed that the jamun bark extract produced attractive brown shades on both lotus and linen fabrics. Myrobalan mordant improved dye absorption and color stability. The dyed fabrics exhibited noticeable antimicrobial properties and showed satisfactory fastness to washing, crocking, and sunlight.

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 Keywords

Jamun bark, Natural dye extraction, Terminalia chebula (Myrobalan mordant), Antimicrobial activity, Color fastness properties, Lotus and linen fabrics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Intelligent Aquarium Monitoring and Maintenance System is a intelligent, automated solution designed to keep the environment of aquarium at optimum conditions. Most aqua life-forms are very sensitive to fluctuation in water parameters like temperature, p H, turbidity, water level, etc. Even minor fluctuations can cause stress, diseased or even mortalities in fish and other aquatic organisms. This system uses a combination of sensors and an ESP32 microcontroller to monitor parameters dynamically. The parameters are used to drive actuators such as feed, water pump, sand filter, cooling, etc. Automated control is provided by the system. It is integrated with IoT tool where the system can be monitored and controlled using Smartphone or internet enabled PC. It reduces human efforts, errors and enables corrective action on the system immediately. The system will be a very cheap alternative for domestic as well as a commercial aquaculture system.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Aquarium monitoring, ESP32, IoT, water quality sensors, smart aquaculture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Yuvaon mein nashe ki badhti pravritti ka samaj par prabhav

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Yuvaon mein nashe ki badhti pravritti ka samaj par prabhav

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing intensity of earthquakes and floods, coupled with rapid urbanization, climate change, and increasing energy demands, has highlighted the need for housing systems that are resilient, sustainable, and rapidly deployable. This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a modular, lightweight portable housing system based on prefabricated steel framing, selected for its high strength to weight ratio, ductility, durability, and recyclability. The modular construction approach enables rapid fabrication, transportation, and on site assembly while ensuring structural reliability and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. Seismic resistance is enhanced through base isolation techniques that reduce force transmission to the superstructure, while flood resilience is achieved using a hydraulic jack based elevation mechanism that safeguards habitable spaces during inundation. Energy sustainability is addressed through the integration of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems, enabling off-grid operation and reduced dependence on conventional energy sources. The incorporation of lightweight sandwich panels further improves thermal performance and reduces dead load, while additional features such as rainwater harvesting enhance resource efficiency. The proposed system demonstrates a practical and sustainable housing solution suitable for disaster prone regions, emergency shelters, and long-term resilient infrastructure development.

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 Keywords

Portable housing, Steel frame structure, Disaster resilient design, Solar photovoltaic system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract The tribal communities of North Bengal--comprising groups such as the Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Rajbanshi, and others--possess rich ritualistic traditions deeply intertwined with nature, ecology, and community life. This article examines the impact of these tribal rituals on sustainable development through ecological conservation, socio-cultural resilience, and economic sustainability. Drawing upon ethnographic insights, ecological studies, and interdisciplinary research, the paper argues that tribal ritual systems embody indigenous knowledge frameworks that align closely with contemporary sustainable development paradigms. However, modernization, migration, and policy neglect threaten these traditions. The study concludes by advocating for integrative policy models that recognize tribal rituals as dynamic tools for sustainable futures.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Tribal Rituals, Sustainable Development, North Bengal, Ecological Conservation, Cultural Resilience.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Indian Knowledge System (IKS) is a massive storehouse of India's traditional knowledge that spans diverse fields such as health, medicine, science, environment, sustainability, art and culture, ethics and values, agriculture, spirituality etc. Rooted in ancient literature and traditional practices, IKS offers holistic approach for all rounded development of students through understanding of nature, life and the cosmos. Despite the profound insights they offer into sustainable living, community well being, and human flourishing, India's traditional knowledge systems have often been overlooked within the framework of formal education dominated by western educational paradigms. But now, with the introduction of NEP 2020, the Govt. of India is undertaking significant efforts to promote India's rich intellectual inheritance through strategic initiatives in education and research. By integrating IKS into modern curriculum framework, the NEP 2020 proposes a transformative vision for Indian education. This integration aims at holistic development of students in an inclusive and multidisciplinary educational environment that revitalizes India's rich indigenous knowledge in diverse domains of modern education. This study explores the Govt. initiatives on the integration of IKS in the curricular and co-curricular activities, its impact on students' overall development, focusing on challenges in its implementation.

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 Keywords

Indian Knowledge System, NEP 2020, Modern curriculum framework, Challenges

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The relationship between the body and the city has often been traversed through questions of space, mobility and representation, yet popular media continues to privilege idealized and visually consumable bodies. This paper rethinks such frameworks by examining how graphic narratives construct the city as an embodied space where memory, gender and everyday experience intersect. Focusing on Sarnath Banerjee's, Corridor, the study argues that graphic novels offer a distinctive mode of representing bodies not as fixed visual objects but as fragmented, relational and temporally layered presences. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's theory of the production of space, Judith Butler's concept of performativity, and Michel de Certeau's account of everyday practices, the paper conceptualizes the city as lived and continually reconstituted through embodied movement. Within this framework, the female body emerges not as spectacle but as a site of negotiation, intermittently visible and often mediated through memory and narrative discontinuity. Through a thorough analysis of visual form, narrative structure and thematic concerns, the paper demonstrates how Banerjee's use of fragmentation, visual layering and narrative digression unsettles dominant practices of representation, including those shaped by the logic of the gaze. It suggests that graphic narratives reconfigure the politics of visibility by foregrounding ordinary bodies embedded within the rhythms of urban life. In doing so, they offer a subtle but significant reorientation, vis-a-viz from the body as image to the body as lived, spatial and temporal experience within contemporary popular culture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Body, City, Graphic narrative, Presence, Sarnath Banerjee

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Coal mining involves toxic gases, fire hazards, poor ventilation, and harsh underground conditions, where methane and carbon monoxide are especially dangerous as they are invisible and difficult to detect. This project proposes a Smart IoT-Based Odourless Gas Detection, Safety Monitoring, and Alerting System for coal mines using LoRa and Artificial Intelligence. Multiple sensors monitor methane, carbon monoxide, temperature, humidity, and smoke in real time, while a GPS module tracks miner locations. Sensor data is transmitted through LoRa for long-range, low-power communication. A Random Forest-based AI model analyses real-time and historical data to classify mine conditions as safe or hazardous. When hazardous conditions are detected or when sensor values exceed permissible limits, the system immediately triggers audible and visual alerts and sends real-time notifications with location details to supervisors and control centres. Enabling early detection of dangerous situations, reducing response time, and significantly improving overall safety for coal mine workers.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IoT, Coal Mine Safety, Odourless Gas Detection, LoRa, Artificial Intelligence, Random Forest Algorithm, Real-Time Monitoring, Hazard Prediction, Safety Alert System.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Agriculture is an important sector that supports the livelihood of a large number of people across the world. Many farmers depend on selling their products in the market to earn their income. In the traditional system, farmers usually sell their produce through middlemen such as traders, wholesalers, and retailers. This process reduces the profit earned by farmers and increases the price paid by customers. Because of this, farmers do not get the correct value for their products, and customers are forced to pay more. To overcome this problem, digital solutions like mobile applications can be used to create a direct connection between farmers and customers. This paper presents Agri-Connect, a mobile-based platform that helps farmers sell their products directly to customers without the involvement of middlemen. Farmers can add product details, update prices, manage stock, and handle customer orders using the application. Customers can view available products, add items to their cart, and place orders easily from nearby farmers. The application is developed using Flutter for the mobile interface and Firebase services such as Firebase Authentication, Realtime Database, and Storage for backend support. The system provides real-time updates so that both farmers and customers can get the latest information about products and orders. The results show that the system makes the selling process easier, improves communication, and helps farmers get better income while customers get products at fair prices.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart Agriculture, Mobile Application, Flutter, Firebase, Farmer Marketplace, Agricultural E-commerce.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The continuous demand for miniaturization of semiconductor devices toward sub-2 nm technology nodes require continuous developments at every stage of the fabrication process. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) stands as the principal technique by which the semiconductor industry achieves conformal, angstrom-precise films across complex three-dimensional device architectures. Yet the performance of ALD is fundamentally conditioned by the physical and chemical properties of the metal precursor employed, and conventional solid-phase precursors are inadequate to meet the requirements of the most advanced fabrication nodes. This research review prospective examines liquid metal ALD precursors as a transformative advance in semiconductor process chemistry. Drawing upon the physics of low-melting-point metallic and organometallic systems and upon the engineering opportunities in liquid-phase precursor delivery, the scientific basis, material landscape, application domains, and principal challenges associated with this emerging precursor class. Unlike treatments focused on incremental process optimization, the new liquid metal precursors presents a categorical shift one with the potential to reshape the economics, capability, and materials diversity of semiconductor manufacturing across logic, memory, interconnect, and emerging device technologies.

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 Keywords

Atomic Layer Deposition, Liquid Metal Precursors, Semiconductor Fabrication, Thin-Film Deposition, High-k Dielectrics, Organometallic Chemistry, Sub-2nm Nodes, Advanced Packaging.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition