Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Introduction Atisara (diarrhea) is a commonly described gastrointestinal disorder in Ayurveda, defined as "Atidrava Atiprav?itta Mala"--the excessive and frequent passage of liquid stools. Classical Ayurvedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya explain its pathogenesis through Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Ama formation, Do?ha prakopa, and Srotodush?i (channel dysfunction). Among the mechanisms described, Puri?havaha Srotas Atiprav?itti is considered the central pathological event. Another key but less explored concept is Ashayapakar?hagati, wherein aggravated Vata displaces other Do?as into the Pakvashaya, producing varied clinical manifestations. This study aims to analyze Atisara through the dual frameworks of Srotodush?i and Ashayapakar?hagati and correlate them with modern gastroenterological mechanisms. Methods Conceptual review based on classical Ayurvedic texts analyzing Nidana, Samprapti, Srotodushti, and Ashayapakar?hagati, with thematic correlation of Atisara to modern diarrheal mechanisms. Results Classical analysis identified Agnimandya, Ama formation, and Apana Vata aggravation as key events leading to Purishavaha Srotodush?i (Atiprav?itti), the central pathology in Atisara. Multi-srotas involvement and Ashayapakarshagati were found to explain clinical variability. Conceptual parallels were observed with modern mechanisms of hypermotility, secretory, osmotic, and inflammatory diarrhea. Conclusion Srotodushti explains the structural-functional channel disturbance, while Ashayapakarshagati clarifies the dynamic Do?hic displacement responsible for clinical variability in Atisara. Despite being underexplored, Ashayapakarshagati helps correlate classical types of Atisara with different forms of watery diarrhea described in modern medicine. Together, these concepts offer an integrative, systems-based understanding of diarrheal pathology and strengthen the scientific relevance of classical Ayurvedic principles.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Srotodushti, Ashayapakarshagati, Atisara, Purishavaha srotas, Apana vata, Ama, Samprapti Atisara, Agnimandya.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract--This paper presents the design and implementation of a night-based urban First-Person Shooter (FPS) game developed using Unreal Engine. Unlike conventional FPS games that rely on ambient lighting and environmental visibility, the proposed system introduces a fully dark environment where the player depends entirely on a weapon-mounted flashlight for navigation and survival. This restriction significantly enhances immersion and psychological tension by limiting situational awareness and forcing strategic decision-making. The system integrates dynamic lighting techniques such as spotlight-based illumination, shadow mapping, and volumetric fog to simulate realistic visibility conditions. Additionally, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system based on Finite State Machines (FSM) is implemented, enabling zombies to react dynamically to both light intensity and sound stimuli. This multi-sensory AI approach creates unpredictable and realistic enemy behavior. Experimental observations indicate that restricted visibility significantly alters player behavior, encouraging cautious movement and resource management. The proposed system demonstrates how environmental constraints and intelligent AI can be combined to enhance realism, engagement, and overall gameplay experience in modern FPS games.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords--FPS, Game AI, Unreal Engine, Dynamic Lighting, Zombie AI

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study entitled "The Effect of Chandrayana Vrata - A Type of Austerity in a Proto Type Study" was conducted at Tapaswi School of Yoga, Bikarnakatte - Kaikamba, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. 12 healthy female subjects aged between 25 to 60 years who are willing to follow this dietary regimen along with yogic practices were selected for this study. Body Height, Weight, BMI, Individual Skin Fold Measurements, Girth Measurements, Total Serum Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Blood Pressure were taken before and after the study. The duration of the study was one month. Similarly other health issues were recorded before and after the treatment. Various practices of yoga which involves physical postures, breathing techniques and meditation were given to the subjects. In the present study we have noticed significant decrease in the Body Weight, Total Serum Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol along with significant increase in HDL Cholesterol. Although in this study the diet regimen could not be strictly supervised, as the subject was not in a controlled set up. Within the limitations this investigation concludes that CV along with selected yogic practices reduced Body Mass Index, increased HDL Cholesterol, decreased Total Serum Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol level. Study showed significant results. So, the study proves that with yogic practice will work positively.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key words: Chandrayana Vrata, Yoga, Weight, BMI, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, BMI

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Maharaja ranjit singh de lok-pakhi charitar nu pesh krda natak: lok mana da raja

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Maharaja ranjit singh de lok-pakhi charitar nu pesh krda natak: lok mana da raja

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Forensic palynology involves the use of pollen and spore evidence in legal investigations to establish associations between individuals, objects and environments. Owing to their microscopic size, high production, environmental specificity and resistance to degradation, pollen grains constitute valuable trace evidence capable of linking suspects or materials to geographic locations. This review summarizes the biological basis, morphological characteristics, sampling procedures, analytical methods and forensic applications of pollen analysis in criminal investigations. The evidentiary interpretation of pollen assemblages, associated challenges and future prospects including molecular and geospatial approaches are also discussed. The study highlights the growing importance of forensic palynology as a complementary discipline within forensic science.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Forensic palynology, pollen evidence, trace evidence, forensic botany, criminal investigation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Phishing attacks are one of the major cyber security threats, where attackers deceive users into revealing sensitive information through fraudulent websites. This project proposes a real-time phishing website detection system using a hybrid machine learning algorithm that combines Extreme Gradient Boosting (XG-Boost) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A labeled dataset containing both legitimate and phishing URLs is used to train and evaluate the proposed model. Various URL-based features, including structural properties, security indicators, and domain-related attributes, are extracted to enhance detection accuracy. The XG-Boost model effectively captures complex feature interactions, while the ANN improves generalization by learning non-linear patterns. The hybrid approach integrates predictions from both models to achieve improved robustness and reduced overfitting. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves high accuracy and reliable performance in detecting phishing websites. This approach enables early identification of phishing threats and can be integrated into web-based security solutions to enhance user safety and prevent online fraud..

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Phishing Detection,URL Analysis,Machine Learning,Website Security

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract--Urban mobility in developing nations relies heavilyon intermediate public transport modes like auto-rickshaws.However, the traditional ecosystem suffers from operationalinefficiencies, including lack of fare transparency, unavailabilityin semi-urban areas, and safety concerns. This paper presentsthe design and implementation of an "Auto- Taxi Booking App,"a digital platform tailored to modernize auto-rickshaw services.The proposed system utilizes the MERN stack (MongoDB,Express, React, Node.js) to provide a seamless interface forpassengers and drivers, featuring real-time GPS tracking, voicebasedbooking in regional languages, and a "Trusted Driver"safety mode. A key innovation of the system is the integrationof the A* search algorithm for route optimization, which experimentalresults show improved travel time efficiency by 12-15% compared to static routing. Index Terms--Auto- rickshaw, MERN stack, A* algorithm,GPS tracking, Urban mobility, Digital inclusion

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Auto-rickshaw MERN stack A* algorithm GPS tracking Urban mobility Digital inclusion

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid rise in social media use has led people to code-mix languages, mixing different languages in one sentence or conversation. This is common in multilingual communities and creates challenges for tasks such as sentiment analysis in natural language processing. Analyzing sentiment in code-mixed text is more challenging than in single-language text because of issues such as language identification, variations in writing, mixed grammar, and a lack of large annotated datasets. This study reviews existing research on analyzing sentiment in code-mixed social media text. It examines different methods, including traditional machine learning, lexicon-based methods, deep learning models, and transformer-based architectures such as BERT. It also examines commonly used datasets, evaluation metrics, and language processing techniques, such as language identification and part-of-speech tagging. The study compares different language pairs, such as Hindi-English, Tamil-English, and Punjabi-English, to show current research trends and limitations. The findings show that while progress has been made for some language pairs, research on Punjabi-English code-mixed sentiment analysis is still limited. Finally, this study points out key research gaps and suggests future research directions to improve sentiment analysis in code-mixed multilingual settings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

code mixed; sentiment analysis; machine learning; Part Of Speech (POS) Tagging; Natural Language Processing(NLP);

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction: Kampavata, a Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhi described in Charaka Samhita (Chi.28/65-67) and Ashtanga Hridayam (Nidana 15), presents with tremors (kampa), postural instability (deha bhramana), sensory loss (supti), speech impairment (vak stambha), and cognitive decline (kshina mati), strongly correlating to Parkinson's Disease (PD)--a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron loss, affecting over 10 million people worldwide. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines adapted for Ayurvedic literature: Databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, AyuJournals, Dhara) searched Jan 2000-Jan 2026 using keywords "Kampavata", "Parkinson's Ayurveda", "Vata Nanatmaja"; Inclusion: Samhita descriptions (Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga), RCTs (n>=10), reviews; Exclusion: Case reports <6 months; Data extraction: Nidana Panchaka, Samprapti, UPDRS outcomes; Analysis: Qualitative synthesis, tables->bullets, flowchart generation. Results: Nidana Panchaka parallels PD risks (pesticides=Vata-provoking Ahara); Samprapti via Majja-Asthi Kshaya matches nigra degeneration; Panchakarma trials show 25-30% UPDRS reduction. Discussion/Conclusion: Vata vitiation equates alpha-synuclein pathology; protocols provide disease-modifying potential beyond levodopa.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Kampavata, Parkinson's Disease, Nidana Panchaka, Samprapti, Panchakarma.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Balance is the ability to sit, stand and walk comfortably without losing the balance, falling or having to lean or support. Gait or walking is a pace, which is an integrated activity of both neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems. This paper was targeted to detect balance and gait issues in elderly individuals. The descriptive design of a quantitative research method was employed, and Tinetti Scale was the instrument to measure these problems. Out of the 31 respondents who had been of age 65 years, 22.6% had a high risk of falling, 58.1% were likely to fall and 19.3 had an unstable condition. The demographic variables of education and occupation had a significant relationship with balance and gait problems. As one grows older, gait tends to become characterized by decreased step length and decreased foot lifting since proprioception is also declining. Shuffling can also be a consequence of declining speed, balance and gait efficiency during the passage of time. This research aided in identifying elderly people at risk of falling and experience some challenges in doing daily tasks. Hence, it may be useful in keeping track of mobility alterations in the course of time.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

balance and gait, older adults, outpatient departments, balance and gait maneuver

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition