Volume 13 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Urban development is a critical aspect of a city's growth, influenced by factors such as history, economy, culture, and infrastructure. The study of two seemingly different cities--Rochester, New York, and Panipat, India--provides valuable insights into how cities evolve under different circumstances

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A Comparative Study of Rochester, NY, and Panipat, India: Economic, Cultural, and Urban Development

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This article investigates how UPI transactions enhance operational efficiency and shape consumer behavior in Nilgiri's retail sector. ANOVA analysis of 117 respondents reveals income and age significantly influence UPI adoption. Results show 37.6% of businesses reduced cash handling, while 33.3% reported faster billing. Challenges include technical issues (24.8%). The study proposes strategies to optimize UPI's benefits for retailers and consumers.

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UPI, operational efficiency, consumer behavior, ANOVA, digital payments

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Bee wax White soft paraffin Olive oil

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Cosmetic lipstick from the extraction of papaya

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The objective of this research paper is to estimate per household and per capita income and highlight the inequalities in the distribution of income prevailing among the different categories of scheduled castes households across the districts in rural Punjab. The study is based on a primary survey of 453 households. The study reveals that the average annual income of scheduled caste households is the highest in Hoshiarpur district followed by Ludhiana and Mansa districts. The income from government and private services are the major sources of income in Hoshiarpur district. On an average, 18.68 per cent and 17.47 per cent of their total income comes from private services and government services. In the Mansa district, the sampled households earn the maximum income from artisans work and hiring out labour in agriculture. In the case of Ludhiana district, the scheduled caste households earn the maximum income from private services and wages from construction work. The income concentration is the highest in Hoshiarpur district followed by Ludhiana and Mansa districts.

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Keywords: Scheduled caste, categories, income, per capita, distribution

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The growing demand for renewable energy sources has led to increased interest in the utilization of solar power. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have proven to be a viable and sustainable solution. While ground mounted solar installations have gained popularity, the concept of floating solar panels has emerged as a promising alternative. This abstract explores the implementation of floating solar panels on the dam located around Pune, Maharashtra, India. The dam presents an ideal location for deploying floating solar panels due to its expansive water surface area and proximity to populated areas. By utilizing this vast space, floating solar panels can generate clean electricity while minimizing land usage. Additionally, the cooling effect of the water beneath the panels can enhance the overall efficiency of the PV system, leading to increased power output.

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The Khadakwasla Dam is located near Pune, Maharashtra, India. The dam is constructed on river of Pune city. The research had illustrated that minimum available reservior area is approximately identified and it can be efficiently be used for installing the floatovoltaics to harness solar energy on the water surfaces of dams. By utilising the area, we can harness the power of 308.33 MWp and considering the solar efficiency 13 % we can generate the power of 40 MWp. By installing the floatovoltaics

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Abstract: Biologics, often known as biological medications, are important part of current therapies since they provide specialized therapy options for a variety of illnesses. However, there are several difficulties in formulating and developing them because of their high molecular size, structural complexity, and limited stability. One important element affecting the safety, effectiveness, and shelf life of biological medications is their stability. Various types of biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinant proteins and vaccines are often sensitive to environmental conditions, including temperature, pH and oxidative stress. Excipients added to drug formulations play a crucial role in enhancing the stability, efficacy and delivery of biologics to their respective action sites. In this review, the different kinds of excipients used in biological medication formulation and their effects on biologic stability and the difficulties relating to compatibility, excipient-drug interactions, and regulatory considerations are covered. New developments in excipient formulation are also emphasized as possible ways to improve biologics' performance and stability.

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Keywords: Biological drugs, Excipients, Stability, Formulation, Development, Safety, Drug-excipient interactions.

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A business that focuses on efficiency, is more likely to compete as the lowest cost manufacturer in the market, although efficiency can increase profits in the under both methods. By selling the lowest price, a business can undercut its competitors' prices while still making a profit. If a low-cost manufacturer charges too low a price, it could drive their competitors out of the market, unless they can protect themselves by focusing on markets where consumers are demanding and willing of paying higher prices for their products. Objectives of the study are to study about the financial situation of the District Cooperative Purchase and Sale Unions in the South Gujarat region, to study about the income and expenditure of the selected cooperative unions and to find out an appropriate possible way to expand the financial reliability of District Co- Operative. The current study is based on ten (10) years of data from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Ten years is sufficient time to obtain results. Furthermore, all the selected samples include samples prior to that period, so complete data from ten years are available so the researcher has selected this period. The analysis of income and expenditure of selected District Cooperative Purchase and Sale unions in the South Gujarat region during the study period and the researcher found that the Bharuch and Narmada District Cooperative Purchase and Sale union has sales ratio, purchase ratio, operating ratio, administration to total expense ratio, employee cost ratio and administration to sales ratio are excellent level. The Bharuch and Narmada district Co-Operative Purchase-Sale Unions Limited are very strongest than Navsari and Surat district Co-Operative Purchase-Sale Unions Limited. the Navsari and Surat district unions are poor in many ratios while Bharuch and Narmada district are favourable in many ratios. It means Bharuch and Narmada district Co-Operative are more investment purchase and sales activities compare to the other selected union.

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Operational Performance, Co- Operative, Purchase-Sale Unions Limited

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This research paper examines the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards the incorporation of role play as an instructional strategy at the secondary school level. Role play has been widely recognized as an effective pedagogical tool that enhances student engagement, fosters creativity, and improves learning outcomes. Through a mixed-method approach, this study explores the perceptions, challenges, and potential benefits of role play in secondary education from the perspective of pre-service teachers. The findings suggest that while pre-service teachers acknowledge the value of role play, they face challenges related to classroom management, time constraints, and assessment strategies. The study highlights the critical role of experiential learning in education, emphasizing that role play can create a more interactive and immersive classroom environment. Despite these advantages, the research identifies several practical concerns that hinder the integration of role play into regular teaching practices. Many pre-service teachers express apprehension about managing student behavior during role play activities, especially in larger classrooms. Furthermore, aligning role play exercises with standardized curriculum objectives and assessment criteria remains a significant challenge. Some pre-service teachers also report a lack of confidence in designing and facilitating role play sessions, citing insufficient exposure to such methods during their training. To address these barriers, the paper recommends that teacher education programs incorporate hands-on workshops and classroom simulations that focus specifically on role play. Providing mentorship opportunities with experienced educators can further enhance pre-service teachers' ability to effectively implement role play in their future classrooms. Moreover, developing structured guidelines and assessment frameworks can assist educators in seamlessly integrating role play into their teaching strategies.

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Attitude,Role Play,Pre Service Teachers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Central budget, public perception, government priorities, economic growth, social welfare, infrastructure development, taxation policies, job creation, fiscal policy, budget allocation, public opinion, media influence, political trust, policy credibility, India.

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