Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Numerically Controlled Oscillators (NCOs) play a crucial role in modern digital communication systems due to their flexibility, precision, and ease of integration with digital architectures. With the advancement of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the implementation of compact, low-power, and high-speed NCOs has become feasible for System-on-Chip (SoC) applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of CMOS-based NCO architectures, focusing on design methodologies, key building blocks, and performance trade-offs. Special emphasis is given to low-bit architectures such as 4-bit NCOs and the concept of dual frequency select words for multi-frequency generation. The study highlights recent advancements, design challenges, and future research directions in CMOS-based digital oscillators.

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NCO, CMOS, Phase Accumulator, Digital Oscillator, Dual Frequency Word, Low Power Design, FPGA/ASIC Implementation

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have gained considerable attention as an alternative to conventional oral and injectable routes of drug administration. Although the oral route is widely preferred for its convenience and patient acceptance, it often faces limitations, including gastrointestinal degradation, poor absorption, and first-pass metabolism. Parenteral administration can overcome some of these issues, but is associated with disadvantages, including pain, risk of infection, and the requirement of trained personnel. These challenges have spurred the development of transdermal drug delivery approaches that enable non-invasive administration through the skin. Despite several advantages, conventional transdermal systems are significantly limited by the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, which restricts the permeation of most therapeutic molecules. Only a limited number of small, lipophilic drugs can effectively penetrate the skin using traditional patches. To overcome this limitation, microneedle technology has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing transdermal drug delivery. Microneedles are micron-scale needle projections capable of creating temporary microchannels in the skin without causing significant pain or tissue damage. This review discusses the structure and barrier function of the skin, mechanisms of drug permeation, and the role of microneedle technology in overcoming these barriers. Various types of microneedles, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming systems, are described along with their mechanisms of action. The article also highlights applications of microneedle-based systems in insulin delivery, vaccine administration, and macromolecule transport. Furthermore, the current market developments, advantages, limitations, and prospects of microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery systems are discussed.

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TDDS,Microneedles,Advantages, Future Scope

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ABSTRACT Ayurveda is a science where number of herbs was explained in classics for various diseases. Although this science has huge classical herbal data, there is a big drawback of the availability of those herbs. For this purpose the Acharyas explained about the concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravyas (Substitution of drug). The concept of substitution is available in the treatise of Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara which explains Pratinidhi as; when there is unavailability of any particular drug during preparation of a compound, one should try to get another drug having similar potency in terms of Rasa, Guna, Veerya, and Vipaka. In present era, many pharmacies facing difficulties in getting genuinity of the raw herbal drug due to many reasons like deforestation, over exploitation, extinction of many species and incorrect identification of many plant species, which hampers the quality of the formulation which gives rise to the alternative use of substitution and adulteration of herbal raw drug. This paper is an attempt to understand the concept of substitution and adulteration in both classical as well as present era, which will enrich the current practices of Pratinidhi Dravyas (Substitute Drugs) in Ayurvedic science.

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KEYWORDS: Abhava Pratinidhi dravya, Substitution, Adulteration

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This paper examines the evolution of women's political participation in India's Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), focusing on the gap between numerical representation and substantive empowerment. Following the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, women's representation in local governance has expanded significantly, with women constituting over 46 percent of elected representatives. While this marks a major achievement in advancing gender-inclusive governance, the study argues that increased participation has not uniformly translated into effective decision-making power or sustained political agency. Through a policy-oriented analysis supported by comparative data, the paper identifies key structural, socio-cultural, and institutional barriers that constrain women's political empowerment. These include patriarchal norms, proxy representation, limited access to capacity-building mechanisms, and the disruptive effects of seat rotation. Additionally, the study highlights the emerging challenge of the gender digital divide, which increasingly affects women's ability to engage with digitised governance systems. The findings suggest that while reservation policies have been successful in achieving descriptive representation, their impact remains conditional on broader enabling factors such as institutional support, socio-economic context, and access to digital resources. The paper concludes by proposing a comprehensive policy framework that integrates capacity-building, digital inclusion, institutional reforms, and financial support to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of women's participation in governance.

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Women's Political Participation, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Gender Quotas, Digital Divide, Governance and Empowerment

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While Nathaniel Hawthorne's morality has long been interpreted through the lens of Puritanical sin, guilt, and allegorical didacticism, this essay proposes a dual theoretical re-reading that moves decisively beyond such static formulations. Rather than treating Hawthorne's fiction as a vehicle for doctrinal instruction, this study applies Paulo Freire's concept of critical consciousness -- alongside Claire Kramsch's framework of symbolic competence, arguing that Hawthorne's characters and narrative voice engage in a dynamic, unresolved negotiation with moral meaning that resists closure at every turn. In Young Goodman Brown, the protagonist's forest journey is neither a trajectory toward redemption nor a straightforward descent into damnation, but rather an encounter with critical awareness -- a forced recognition of how social and theological codes actively produce the very subjectivities they claim merely to regulate (Freire 35). Yet Hawthorne simultaneously forecloses any final or actionable liberation from those codes. His narrators and fallen heroes do not escape ideology; they learn, at devastating cost, to inhabit its contradictions. What they demonstrate, this essay contends, is precisely what Kramsch identifies as symbolic competence: the capacity to perceive and position oneself within the inherent ambiguity of multiple, often mutually contradictory, moral systems without collapsing prematurely into certainty or resolution (Kramsch 251).

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Chronic cystitis, referred to as "Mutrakrichha" in Ayurveda, is a persistent inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder that often presents with symptoms such as frequent urination, pelvic pain, dysuria (painful urination), and discomfort. 1-5 This case report explores the management of a patient suffering from chronic cystitis using a comprehensive Ayurvedic treatment approach. The report emphasizes the role of herbal formulations like Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris), Chandraprabha Vati, Bruhatyadi Kashaya. Additionally, dietary and lifestyle modifications tailored to pacify aggravated Vata and Pitta Doshas were included. The treatment protocol not only provided symptomatic relief but also improved the patient's overall quality of life, demonstrating the efficacy of integrative Ayurvedic care for chronic cystitis .6-10 Keywords: Chronic Cystitis, Mutrakrichha, Ayurveda, Herbal Remedies, Gokshura, Chandraprabha Vati , Bruhatyadi Kashaya

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Management of Chronic Cystitis (Mutrakrichha) : A Case Report

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This study investigates non-interest income (NII) and its association on both risk and earnings volatility in Indian public sector banks from 2009-10 to 2023-24. Using a sample of the ten largest public sector banks, we examined both total NII and its components--fee income, trading income, and other income--to better understand their impact on bank risk and profit. Risk was quantified using Z-Score, RAROA, and RACAR, while control variables included loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR), net interest margin (NIM), bank size, and GDP growth. The data show that while NII generally reduces the risk profile, it has a mixed effect on profitability (RAROA) and risk-adjusted returns (RACAR). Bank size and operational efficiency, as measured by NIM, considerably improve stability and profitability, but LDR and GDP growth have little effect. This shows that internal bank factors dominated macroeconomic conditions in determining risk and performance during the research period. The findings of our study have implications for the banks exposed to earning Non-traditional sources of revenue hence exposure to various risks.

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Net Interest Margin, Banking, Risk measurement, Z-Score, GDP growth

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The SmartStudent platform is a comprehensive mobile ecosystem designed to help students manage their daily academic lives while navigating the complex college admissions process. Built using React Native (Expo) and Supabase, the application serves as a central hub for Live Attendance Tracking, Digital Note-Taking, and Application Status Monitoring. By integrating these core utilities into a single mobile interface, the system ensures that students stay organized during their final years of school. To further enhance the user experience, the app includes a Machine Learning-based OCR feature that automatically extracts academic data from transcripts to populate application forms. This project demonstrates how combining daily-use academic tools with intelligent automation can reduce student stress, improve data accuracy, and provide a seamless transition from high school to higher education.

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React Expo, Supabase, Attendance Tracking, Digital Notes, Mobile Application, ML OCR Feature, EdTech,PostgreSQL, Serverless

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 Abstract

Bhartiya Gyan Parampara Ev Adhunik Vigyan Ke Paripekshya Me Yog Ki Bhumika

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Bhartiya Gyan Parampara Ev Adhunik Vigyan Ke Paripekshya Me Yog Ki Bhumika

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ABSTRACT: Sudden cardiac death, primarily from coronary disease, constitutes 70% of natural deaths in adults, often with no prior indications of heart disease. Most out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases occur at home and significantly impact adolescents, with India reporting around 7,00,000 sudden cardiac arrests annually. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on awareness regarding sudden cardiac arrest and its management among adolescents in INDEX School of Indore. Using a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-post-test design and a sample of 40 participants, the study measures awareness before and after the program. Results indicate a significant increase in post-test awareness scores, demonstrating the program's effectiveness. Statistical analysis confirms the hypothesis that the teaching intervention successfully enhances understanding and awareness about sudden cardiac arrest among adolescents.

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Keywords: Planned Assisted Teaching Programme; Awareness Sudden cardiac arrest Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Adolescents

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