Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This study presents the chemical synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. Iron salts (FeCl? and FeSO?) were reacted under controlled pH and temperature to obtain nanoscale magnetite (Fe?O?) particles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, while SEM revealed a spherical morphology with an average particle size below 50 nm. FTIR spectra validated the presence of Fe-O bonds, and VSM analysis showed superparamagnetic behavior. These results demonstrate the suitability of the co-precipitation method for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles with potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Iron oxide nanoparticles, synthesis, co-precipitation, SEM, XRD, FTIR, magnetic properties

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Big Data refers to the massive volume of structured and unstructured data that is generated at high velocity from various sources. With the digitalization of industries, Big Data has become a pivotal component in modern computing, analytics, and decision-making. This study focuses on the principles of Big Data, its characteristics, processing techniques, and wide-ranging applications across sectors like healthcare, finance, e-commerce, and transportation. Big Data technologies like Hadoop and Spark have enabled real-time analytics and predictive modeling, facilitating data-driven strategies and innovations. This paper explores the ecosystem of Big Data and how it empowers businesses and research with deeper insights.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Big Data, Volume, Hadoop, Apache Spark, Data Lakes, Data Mining, Data Analytics, Cloud Computing

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper explores how open economy policies have reshaped international relations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Since the 1980s, liberalization reforms have boosted trade and foreign investment but also deepened inequalities and environmental pressures. Case studies of Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Caribbean nations reveal varied outcomes and growing geopolitical complexity, especially with China's rising influence. The paper calls for inclusive, sustainable strategies and stronger regional cooperation to navigate a multipolar global order.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Open Economy, Trade Liberalization, FDI, Latin America, Geopolitics, Regional Integration, Sustainable Development

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Inadequate agriculture production laid at the heart of India's development problems in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century's. The rural sector, comprising agriculture and ancillary activities such as animal husbandry, forestry and fishing was the foundation of the colonial economy. It employed about three-quarters of the workforce and produced well over half of national income between the 1860s and 1940s. However, there were also sever productivity constraints, linked to the problems of labor utilization, as well as an endemic scarcity of capital and a lack of investment in irrigation and other capital inputs, creating in turn a shortage of productive land. World Wars are also responsible for the scarcity of agricultural production in India. Governmental measures, such as grant of subsidies for sinking wells, interest free takkavi loans for purchase of seeds, manures etc., were adopted by the Government for the encouragement of agriculture. This paper focuses on the measures taken by the Indian Government for the development of Indian Agriculture.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords Agricultural Finance, Cooperative Societies, Agricultural Development Programmes, Irrigation etc.,

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Daru is analysed as a descriptive poem about characters in a play. It is assumed to have derived from Dhruva songs, which are musical compositions about different elements of nature. Chapter 32 in Natya Sastra mentions about Dhruva songs.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Dhruva, Daru.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Plant diseases significantly impact crop yield and food security worldwide, making their early detection a priority in sustainable agriculture. Manual identification of plant diseases is often inaccurate, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. In recent years, deep learning particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)--has emerged as a powerful tool for image-based disease detection and classification. This review consolidates insights from recent studies and surveys to present a comprehensive understanding of methodologies, including CNN and transfer learning techniques, datasets used, comparative performances, current challenges, and opportunities for future development. The integration of artificial intelligence with precision agriculture holds the potential to revolutionize the monitoring and management of plant health, thereby enhancing crop quality and yield. . To detect plant diseases, we are utilizing image processing with a Convolution neural network (CNN). A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a form of artificial neural network that is specifically intended to process pixel input and is used in image.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

CNN

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study explores the digital marketing strategies in the B2C automobile industry concerning the possible influences on purchasing decisions. As the automotive market continues its evolutionary journey, understanding consumer behaviour and the role of digital channels therein has become a very critical requirement for marketers and stakeholders alike. This study seeks to establish the degree by which a multi-digit marketing strategy, for example, social media advertising, online review, and e-mail marketing, impacts the decision-making of car buyer. This study used a mixed-methods approach in which the survey part put emphasis on quantitative data sets initially, then qualitative analysis through the consumers' interviews on the mentioned phenomenon. This research study's findings have provided insightful outcomes regarding changes within the automobile industry and increased the relevance of digital touch points for the customer journey. Digital marketing not only impacts brand awareness and consideration but also plays an essential role in the final purchasing decision stage, when information on the web and through social proof becomes increasingly important in the consumer's decision-making process. Such factors require detailed analysis so that the keys of successful techniques in digital marketing, for the automobile sector, can be found out those keys may also be the message personalization, mobile optimizations, coordination between online marketing, and other offline marketing practices. That insight can guide automobile manufacturers and dealerships in making more targeted and impactful digital campaigns that improve customer engagement and push out sales.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Marketing Consumer Behavior Buying Decisions Online Reviews, Social Media Advertising etc.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study explores job satisfaction among employees working in private spinning mills in Erode District. It identifies key factors influencing employee morale, such as working conditions, compensation, job security, and relationships with management. Using primary data from 110 respondents, the study applies percentage analysis, Likert scale, and ranking methods to assess satisfaction levels. Results indicate moderate satisfaction with work conditions and high satisfaction with job security, while dissatisfaction was noted in compensation. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for enhancing employee engagement, retention, and productivity through improved HR practices and workplace policies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Working conditions, Job satisfaction, Spinning mills.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The resurgence of international tourism in the post-pandemic era has underscored its critical role in global economic recovery and its significant influence on financial markets. This study explores the impact of tourism trends on the stock market performance of tourism-dependent sectors, including airlines, hospitality, and luxury goods, with a focus on countries heavily reliant on tourism revenue. Using the latest data from the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Bank, the research employs a mixed-method approach that combines regression analysis, event studies, and descriptive statistics to investigate the relationship between seasonal and economic fluctuations in tourism and sectoral stock performance. The analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between tourism activity and the financial performance of these sectors. Seasonal peaks in international tourist arrivals are closely associated with increased stock returns, while global shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant declines, followed by gradual recovery. Case studies of tourism-dependent economies, including Greece, Thailand, and the Maldives, highlight the sensitivity of their financial markets to tourism trends, demonstrating both vulnerabilities and opportunities for investors and policymakers. The findings underscore the cyclical nature of tourism-driven stocks, offering valuable insights for investors seeking to optimize portfolio diversification and risk management. Furthermore, the research highlights the need for policymakers in tourism-dependent economies to implement stabilizing measures during economic downturns and to promote diversification to mitigate sectoral risks. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the intersection between tourism and financial markets, providing a timely perspective on the dynamic relationship between these two critical components of the global economy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Financial Markets, Tourism Impact, Tourism Dependent Industries.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A smarter farm innovative gadget powered by Arduino microcontroller and mobile app technology is a key part of contemporary agriculture in the modern world the system innovation comes in handy during times of crisis when individuals engage in home gardening as a means to supplement food availability or as a method of promoting mental and physical wellness application of these technologies is to facilitate best farming practice by monitoring soil ph and moisture levels and offering accurate and reliable information to farmers qualitative and experimental approach was employed with an iterative waterfall strategy in the accomplishment of both system and user requirements arduino microcontroller was employed as the central point for hardware and software integration pivotal features such as ph probes humidity sensors and the esp8266 wifi module supported real-time data collection the development environment consisted of embedded studio c nodejs embedded and db browser for sql to build a secure and interactive mobile application the system named pantone demonstrated scalability and sagacity in offering insightful agricultural information agricultural sustainability is typically compromised by intensive cropping which depletes soil nutrients as a consequence of this an electrochemical sensor was utilized to track the ph and significant nutrients in the form of particularly nitrogen phosphorus and potassium by acquiring ions from solution soils Arduino-based integrated circuits successfully identify deficiency in nutrients compared to conventional methods the proposed algorithm found to be precise with improved recall precision and f-score with minimal training farmers can simply access and handle soil data through cloud services with the assistance of the iotsna-cr device which increases productivity and reduces the cost of nutrient management.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IOT Devices using Arduino Board, pH sensor, LCD, Cloud Computing.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition