Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive examination of linear operators in Interval-Valued Fuzzy Metric Space (IVFMS). Interval-valued fuzzy metric spaces generalise fuzzy metric spaces and classical metric spaces by characterising distances as intervals, which facilitates uncertainty management. The main objective of this work is to define linear operators in IVFMS and investigate their fundamental properties, such as operator norms, continuity, and boundedness. Many new theoretical conclusions are made and confirmed. The study also covers recent developments in fuzzy metric spaces, showing how interval-valued techniques provide a more flexible framework for complex mathematical investigation.

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 Keywords

Interval-Valued Fuzzy Metric Space (IVFMS), Linear Operator in IVFMS, Bounded Linear Operator, Continuous Linear Operator, Operator norm in IVFMS.

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 Abstract

In many small cities, public transportation plays a vital role in daily commuting; however, the lack of real-time information often leads to uncertainty, long waiting times, and reduced passenger satisfaction. Traditional public transport systems usually rely on static schedules that fail to reflect real-world conditions such as traffic congestion, delays, or route deviations. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a Real-Time Public Transport Tracking System specifically designed for small cities. The proposed system utilizes GPS-enabled devices installed in public transport vehicles to continuously capture live location data. This data is transmitted to a central server through a wireless communication network and processed to provide real-time updates to passengers via a mobile application or web interface. Users can view the current location of buses, estimated arrival times, route details, and delay notifications. The system also allows transport authorities to monitor fleet movement, improve operational efficiency, and respond quickly to disruptions. By providing accurate, real-time information, the proposed solution enhances passenger convenience, reduces waiting time, and promotes the use of public transport. The system is cost-effective, scalable, and well-suited for small city environments, making it a practical step toward smarter urban mobility

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 Keywords

Communication Network, GPS, Transport System

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Removable storage devices such as USB drives remain a significant vector for malware propagation, insider threats, and unauthorized data exfiltration. Despite their widespread use, many existing forensic tools primarily support post-incident analysis and provide limited visibility into real-time USB activity. This paper presents USBGuard-AI, an AI-enabled forensic monitoring and risk detection framework designed to detect, analyze, and document USB device activities in real time while preserving evidentiary integrity. The proposed system integrates real-time USB detection, forensic session management, cryptographic hash-based integrity verification, activity timeline reconstruction, and AI-assisted risk classification. Additionally, a keyword intelligence mechanism is incorporated to identify sensitive information across multiple categories. The system also supports USB history tracking, limited deleted file recovery, and structured forensic report generation for investigative and legal purposes. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that USBGuard-AI achieves high accuracy in detecting suspicious files while maintaining reliable chain-of-custody records. The framework bridges the gap between traditional security monitoring tools and forensic intelligence systems, enhancing the effectiveness of digital investigations.

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 Keywords

USB Forensics, Digital Forensic Investigation, Real-Time USB Monitoring, AI-Assisted Risk Classification, Chain of Custody, Cryptographic Hashing, Forensic Reporting

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This paper presents a systematic account of the consonant system of Tiwa, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Northeast India, particularly in Assam and Meghalaya. Tiwa has two principal varieties, Hill Tiwa and Plain Tiwa (Moral, 2002). Previous descriptions of Tiwa phonology show considerable disagreement regarding the size and composition of its consonant inventory, especially in the treatment of voiced stops [b, d, g] and the alveolar fricative [z]. To address this, the study re-examines the consonant system of Hill Tiwa based on primary field data collected from native speakers in Umswai area of West Karbi Anglong district, Assam.

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Tibeto-Burman; Phonemic contrast; Positional distribution; Northeast India; Descriptive phonology.

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This study investigates the intricate relationship between an individual's cognitive worldview and their internal state of energetic balance. The research focuses on two foundational concepts that bridge Eastern philosophy and human behavior: the Law of Karma and the Chakra system. In this study, karma is explored as a psychological "lay theory" for moral cause and effect, while the chakra system serves as a bio-psycho-spiritual model for psychological development and somatic alignment. The background highlights the need for empirical evidence to support spiritual wellness by examining how a belief in a just universe influences internal self-regulation. The researcher used a quantitative design to examine these variables in a measurable way. A sample of 201 participants provided data through standardized tools. The primary instruments were the Belief in Karma Scale (BKS) and the Chakra Assessment Tool (CAT). Data analysis using Pearson Correlation revealed a significant positive correlation between the belief in karma and total chakra alignment. The correlation coefficient was .331, significant at the 0.001 level. These findings indicate that as a person's belief in the ethical consequences of their actions increases, their psychological and energetic balance also tends to rise. Specifically, the Third Eye and Root Chakra had the strongest correlations, while the Heart Chakra showed a moderate relationship. In conclusion, this research provides empirical support for the idea that a moral worldview predicts internal energetic health. Perceiving the world as an orderly place helps individuals maintain better self-regulation and grounding. This study contributes to positive spiritual psychology by validating the chakra system as a measurable framework for psychological maturity.

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 Keywords

Karma, Chakra Alignment, Spiritual Psychology, Moral Worldview, Somatic Health, Lay Theory, Indian Psychology

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This study presents a comprehensive investigation of molecular interactions in four binary liquid mixtures, namely methanol-cinnamaldehyde, acetone-cinnamaldehyde, p-dioxane-cinnamaldehyde, and cyclohexane-cinnamaldehyde, over the entire mole fraction range. Ultrasonic velocity and density measurements were carried out, and various thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, volume expansivity, excess adiabatic compressibility, and excess volume expansivity were evaluated. The variation of ultrasonic velocity and density with mole fraction indicates significant changes in molecular packing and intermolecular forces across different systems. Negative values of excess adiabatic compressibility observed in methanol and acetone systems confirm strong heteromolecular interactions dominated by hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions. In contrast, the p-dioxane system exhibits weak interactions characterized by small negative deviations, while the cyclohexane system shows positive excess values, indicating weak dispersive interactions and structural loosening. The study reveals that the nature and strength of molecular interactions strongly depend on the polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability of the components. Overall, the results provide valuable insight into non-ideal behavior, structural effects, and interaction mechanisms in binary liquid mixtures, which are essential for understanding solution chemistry and industrial applications.

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Ultrasonic velocity, Density, Compressibility, Excess properties, Molecular interactions, Cinnamaldehyde, Binary mixtures, Hydrogen bonding

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The Byronic hero, originating in Lord Byron's Romantic poetry as a figure of magnetic contradiction--proud yet tormented, rebellious yet affectionate, alienated by guilt--traditionally embodies grand passion amid isolation and moral complexity. This paper contends that Kazuo Ishiguro reimagines this archetype in his protagonists, Masuji Ono of An Artist of the Floating World, and Stevens of The Remains of the Day, transforming spectacular Romantic rebellion into subdued 20th-century tragedies of denial and self-suppression. Ono, reflecting on his wartime propaganda collaborations and betrayal of student Kuroda, and Stevens, complicit in his employer's fascist sympathies while suppressing love for Miss Kenton, share Byronic hallmarks: unreliable narration masking inner turmoil, professional personas as emotional shields, subtle social ostracism, and paradoxical pride amid unrecognised errors. Through close textual analysis of their memories, narrative evasions, and late epiphanies, the study reveals Ishiguro's innovation: Byronic suffering persists not in defiance of gods or tyrants, but in ordinary lives entangled with imperialism and fascism, where autonomy yields to misguided duty.

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Byronic hero, Kazuo Ishiguro, Masuji Ono, Stevens, unreliable narration, moral ambiguity, historical complicity, social isolation, guilt, denial, emotional suppression

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Groundnut, Phosphorus, PSB, Nutrient use efficiency, Biofertilizer, Sustainable agriculture

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Climate Change Has Significantly Increased The Frequency And Intensity Of Extreme Weather Events Such As Floods, Heatwaves, And Cyclones. Accurate Prediction Of Such Events Is Essential For Disaster Management And Policy Planning. While Artificial Intelligence (AI) And Machine Learning (ML) Models Have Shown Promising Results In Climate Prediction, They Often Suffer From Two Major Limitations: Poor Performance In Predicting Extreme Events Due To Data Imbalance, And Lack Of Interpretability Due To Their Black-Box Nature.

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Climate Prediction.

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This study examines the relationship between space and power in Mario Vargas Llosa's The Time of the Hero through a Foucauldian framework of discipline and control. Focusing on spatial allegory and constructions of masculinity, the paper analyzes how institutional environments such as the military academy function as sites of surveillance, normalization, and resistance. It argues that space operates not merely as a physical setting but as a dynamic force that structures power relations and shapes subjectivity within the narrative.

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 Keywords

Spatial Allegory, Discipline, Masculinity, Power, Foucault, Latin American Literature

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