Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The trade unions have played a crucial role in industrial environment of India since the time of collective bargaining and worker empowerment. This academic paper brings out the important concept of Recognition of Trade Union, its establishment in promoting harmonious industrial relations. The paper starts by giving an introduction of trade unions as organised groups of employees to protect the rights of labour in India and then proceeds to give a history of their development in India. Since the early labour movements in British colonial times, which were characterized by the emergence of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920 due to unrests in the aftermath of the First World War, the trade unions transformed into organised bodies with statutory frameworks. Fundamentally, recognition of a trade union is the legal recognition by the employer or the state of a union representative body to bargain the wages, working condition, and dispute resolution on behalf of workers. In contrast with most countries where suitable statutory recognition is mandatory, Indian law does not include a full central law on the same, but relies on scattered provisions of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 which helps to be registered but not automatically recognised, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which empowers the recognised unions to settle industrial disputes under Section 18 and 36, and specific state legislation such as the Maharashtra Recognition of Trade Unions and Prevention of Unfair Labour Practices Act of 1972 Such actions highlight the voluntary nature of recognition or recognition which is usually decided by secret ballot or membership level. The advantages of recognition are numerous: it entitles the unions with the sole bargaining power, advances the welfare of workers due to the presence of collective agreements, and fosters industrial peace since it institutionalizes the dialogue. Nevertheless, there are still issues such as employer opposition, rivalry between multiple unions that causes fragmentation and lack of universal criteria, which compromise effectiveness. Issues that unrecognized unions encounter, and lack of negotiation platforms, victimization of leaders and lack of legitimacy in strikes contribute to the worsening of labour exploitation especially in the unorganized sector. The law system is examined based on some of the most important acts and judicial interpretations, and a progressive yet incongruent trend can be observed. This is revealed by landmark cases: In B.R. Singh v. The Supreme Court, in union of India (1989) stressed the importance of recognition in the democratic working in the workplace; Food Corporation of India Staff Union v. Food Corporation of India (1995) provided the fair representation requirements; and Tata Chemicals Ltd. v. Workmen (1978) pointed at verification of the unions by check-off. Recent cases such as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. v. Maharashtra General Kamgar Union (1999) support secret ballots in majority status The article criticizes the loopholes in the existing framework that should be changed by a centralized Recognition of Trade Unions Act to compel the verification procedures, limit the unfair practices, and adopt the ILO standards. It proposes that the statutory recognition of the links between the historical, doctrinal and empirical and the analysis of the case law is essential in ensuring that industrial relations in the developing Indian economy are fair.

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 Keywords

oTrade Unions o Recognition of Trade Unions o Collective Bargaining o Worker Empowerment o Industrial Relations o Legal Recognition o Trade Unions Act, 1926 o Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

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In the Globalized Economy the cross-border insolvency has become a common issue, where the businesses operate in the multiple countries and financial activities are interconnected with each other. When any company with assets or creditors in different countries becomes insolvent or legal complications arise due to the differences in the nationals 'laws and procedures. Then this makes the resolution process become slow, complex and often unfair to the stakeholders. In the cross-border insolvency the UNCITRAL Model Law was introduced to address these challenges by providing a uniform legal framework for the cooperation between the countries. It provides a coordination among courts ,ensure the fair treatment of the creditors and improve the efficiency in the insolvency proceedings. The UNCITRAL Model Law focuses on the key concepts such as access to the foreign courts, recognition of the foreign proceedings and the cooperation between the Judicial authorities. This paper examines the role of the UNCITRAL Model Law in managing the cross-border insolvency in the Globalized world. It analysed how the UNCITRAL Model Law helped in reducing the conflicts between the jurisdictions and facilitating the smoother resolution of the international insolvency cases. This Paper also highlights the Legal Framework of different countries, challenges and the future direction in globalized economy and certain limitations for example differences in implementations by countries and concerns related to the national sovereignty. It plays a significant role in the improving the international insolvency systems.

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cross- border insolvency. UNCITRAL model law, globalization, creditors rights, international legal framework and judicial cooperation

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Mobile phones have transitioned from mere communication devices to essential learning tools. This paper explores the relationship between Mobile Phone engagement and Academic Performance among college level students in the purba medinipur district. For this present study researcher used descriptive survey methods. Through a survey of 100 college going students, the researcher examines how digital access influences learning habits in a predominantly semi-urban context. Researcher collected data using self-made questionnaire, and the collected data are analysed using SPSS.

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Mobile Phone, Academic Performance, Digital

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Abstract: This paper investigates the contradictory relationship between Enlightenment philosophy and the "Woman Question" by conducting a critical analysis of the writings of Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Although the Enlightenment promoted the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, it concurrently upheld gender hierarchies that confined women to the private and domestic realms. Through a meticulous examination of significant philosophical texts, the paper uncovers the inherent contradictions present in Enlightenment discourse, especially regarding the exclusion of women from the universalist concepts of reason and citizenship. Kant's differentiation between public and private domains, along with his rationale for women's dependency, and Rousseau's gender-specific educational framework in Emile, illustrate a continual support for patriarchal norms disguised as natural differences. Conversely, Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman stands out as a revolutionary challenge to these beliefs, advocating for women's rational and educational equality. By placing these discussions within the wider intellectual and historical landscape of the Enlightenment, the paper contends that feminist discourse both originated from and opposed Enlightenment ideology. In conclusion, it emphasizes how the purported universal tenets of the Enlightenment were profoundly gendered, exposing a significant tension between its liberating assertions and its exclusionary practices.

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Enlightenment, Woman Question, Gender Inequality, Patriarchy, Rousseau ,Kant

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The AI Powered Resume Analysis for Personalized Mock Interview Preparation system is a web-based application designed to provide a complete and personalized interview preparation experience. The system allows users to upload their resumes, from which technical skills and project details are extracted using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Based on the extracted information and the selected proficiency levels, the system dynamically generates interview questions for coding, aptitude, and HR interviews using AI models.Unlike traditional platforms that provide static question banks, this system adapts questions according to the candidate's skill level and project experience and also it generates real time scenario based questions. It includes a coding execution environment with AI test case validation and AI-based feedback for HR interviews. A dashboard tracks performance, interview attempts, and readiness status. The proposed system provides an integrated, intelligent, and user-specific solution that enhances interview preparedness through realistic simulation and personalized feedback.

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 Keywords

Intelligent Interview Preparation System, Resume Parsing and Analysis, Interview Readiness,Machine Learning-Based Skill Assessment, Gradient Boosting Algorithm, Automated Interview Evaluation, Skill Proficiency Prediction, Interview Readiness Prediction, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Resume Classification, Technical and HR Interview Assessment, Performance Analytics Dashboard.

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Water scarcity and irregular electricity supply are major problems in rural irrigation systems. This paper presence a minor irrigation system powered by solar energy for agriculture applications.

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Solar irrigation, drip irrigation, solar power, renewable energy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Unattended cooking is a significant source of home fires and gas-related incidents. To mitigate this problem, a thermal imaging-based smart stove safety system with autonomous response is proposed. A miniature thermal camera is employed to continuously observe the temperature pattern of the burner and cooking pot. The observed information is analyzed in real-time using embedded hardware to determine the operating status of the stove. The system recognizes potentially dangerous situations like an open burner, removing the cooking pot with the burner still ON, and unattended cooking. Once a danger is recognized, it first raises local notifications using a buzzer and LEDs. If the situation is not remedied, a stepper motor connected to a specially designed 3D-printed knob cap is used to automatically turn the gas regulator to the OFF position, thereby shutting off the gas supply. This non-invasive system allows for physical control without altering the gas line inside, making it safe, easily installable, and applicable to real-world kitchens without compromising user privacy.

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Thermal imaging, smart stove safety, embedded systems, automatic shut-off.

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Road accidents caused by potholes, debris, stalled vehicles and unmarked road irregularities remain a major chal- lenge for transportation safety worldwide. Traditional navigation systems rely heavily on manual reporting and therefore cannot provide automated detection of hazardous road conditions in real time. This paper presents TerraVision-Pothole, an intelligent Edge-AI based road hazard detection framework designed to automatically identify potholes and road anomalies using com- puter vision techniques. The system processes video streams captured from vehicle-mounted dashcams and analyzes them using deep learning models such as YOLOv8 for object detection. Image preprocessing operations are performed using OpenCV to enhance detection accuracy. The framework integrates GPS- based geo-tagging and cloud-based analytics to visualize detected hazards on an interactive monitoring dashboard. To ensure user privacy, the system incorporates automatic face and license plate blurring mechanisms before transmitting visual data. Experimen- tal evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves approxi- mately 85% detection accuracy while maintaining reliable real- time performance. The proposed framework contributes toward the development of intelligent transportation infrastructure by enabling automated road monitoring, proactive hazard detection, and data-driven maintenance planning.

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Road Hazard Detection, Computer Vision, YOLOv8, Edge Computing, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Road Safety.

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The need for continuous and uninterrupted availability of pure and clean water entails quick monitoring of water quality degradation and immediate remediation of the quality. This paper proposes a smart system for monitoring and purifying the quality of water by incorporating the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques. An ESP32 microcontroller-based smart water quality monitoring system, facilitated by low-cost pH, turbidity, and total dissolved solids sensors, is implemented for acquiring real-time water quality information. The acquired information can be remotely monitored by the cloud platform. A machine learning model is incorporated and trained with the acquired data for classifying the water quality and predicting the water quality in advance. According to the result of the machine learning prediction model, a water purification system can be remotely implemented through a relay. The results of the experimental evaluation of the smart water quality monitoring and purification system, implemented with the real-time results of the sensors, show a high accuracy of 92.4 percent. This indicates the reliability of implementing the proposed water quality monitoring and purification system.

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 Keywords

Machine Learning, Predictive Modeling, Water Quality Prediction, Random Forest, IoT-based Monitoring

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition