Volume 12 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

TORCH stands for a group of infections, it can cause serious congenital anomalies, poor fetal outcome and subsequent reproductive failures. The research approach adopted for this study is quantitative approach. The design adopted for the study was quasi-experimental design with one group pretest post test design. the sample consists of the 60 antenatal mothers from selected Government Maternity Hospital,Tirupati. The pre test knowledge was assessed using structured interview schedule. the planned health education programme was given to the study participants on the same day. the post test knowledge was also assessed using the same questionnaire on day 07.The results shows that 3(5.00%) had inadequate knowledge, 25(41.70%) had moderate knowledge, 32(53.30%) had adequate knowledge.The calculated value (25.13).The result clearly showed that the planned health education programme had significant improvement in the knowledge regarding prevention of TORCH infections among antenatal mothers.

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 Keywords

Evaluate , knowledge, STP, TORCH infections, Antenatal mothers.

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The review paper explores the multifaceted aspects of botnets, offering a comprehensive examination of these malicious networks that pose significant cybersecurity threats. This analysis encompasses various critical components, including their introduction, operation, life cycle, architecture, notable attack instances, and effective detection techniques. This holistic review is intended to provide valuable insights and knowledge for a diverse audience, including cybersecurity professionals, researchers, and policymakers, enabling them to gain a deep understanding of botnets and the evolving landscape of cyber threats. By shedding light on botnets and their architecture, operation, and the most efficient detection strategies, this paper contributes to the ongoing efforts to counter this persistent cybersecurity menace.

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 Keywords

Botnet, Bots, Cyberattack, Command Control, DoS, DDoS, Malware, Cybersecurity Threats, Malicious Software, Botmaster, Infiltration Techniques, Zombie Computers, Infected Devices, Botnet Topologies, Botnet Propagation

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Fake Image Detection (FDS): With the proliferation of image editing tools and the rise of sophisticated deep learning models, the creation and dissemination of fake images have become increasingly prevalent. Detecting these manipulated images is a crucial task for maintaining the integrity of visual content in various domains such as journalism, social media, and forensics. This paper provides an overview of existing techniques and challenges in the field of fake image detection .The paper begins by surveying traditional image forensics methods that rely on statistical analysis, metadata examination, and compression artifacts detection. It then delves into the advancements brought about by deep learning techniques,including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), which have significantly improved the accuracy of fake image detection. Furthermore, the challenges associated with detecting increasingly sophisticated fake images are discussed. These challenges encompass the rapid evolution of image manipulation techniques, the emergence of realistic deepfake technology, and the need or large and diverse datasets for robust model training. The paper also addresses ethical considerations related to privacy and consent in the development and deployment of fake image detection systems. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and collaboration among experts from various fields, including computer vision, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, to advance the state-of the-art in fake image detection. By addressing current challenges and leveraging cutting-edge technologies,we can enhance our ability to distinguish between authentic and manipulated visual content, contributing to the preservation of trust and reliability in the digital era.

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fake image detection

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Transdermal drug delivery offers abundant advantages, including bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and ensuring steady plasma concentrations, enhancing safety, and promoting patient compliance. However, the major obstacle lies in the limited number of potent drugs with suitable physicochemical properties capable of effectively permeating through skin barriers via passive diffusion. To overcome this challenge, various strategies have been explored, with micro needles emerging as a promising micro scale physical enhancement method. Typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 mm in length, micro needles significantly widen the range of drugs feasible for transdermal and intradermal delivery. This review examines micro needle materials, fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and their applications in transdermal drug delivery. Despite extensive discussion on their implications, challenges persist in achieving sustained delivery, ensuring efficacy, and optimizing cost-effective large-scale manufacturing. Furthermore, this review explores the potential impact of micro needles on drug delivery, vaccine administration, disease diagnostics, and cosmetic applications. Overall, micro needles hold promise as a versatile tool in transdermal delivery systems, although further advancements are needed to overcome existing limitations and fully realize their potential across diverse applications.

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Transdermal drug delivery, Microneedle, advanced manufacturing, polymers, therapeutics

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The study investigates consumer satisfaction with organic products, focusing on factors such as perceived health benefits, environmental concerns, product quality, price sensitivity, and availability. Data was collected from a diverse sample through surveys and interviews. Preliminary findings suggest that satisfaction is influenced by health benefits and environmental considerations, but challenges like higher prices and limited availability also impact satisfaction. Demographic variables like age, income, and education also influence attitudes. The findings are relevant for businesses, policymakers, and stakeholders in the organic industry to improve marketing strategies and support market growth.

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organic products, consumer satisfaction, perceived health benefits, environmental concerns, product quality, price sensitivity, availability, mixed-methods approach.

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Emotion is a important issue in various fields such as brain science neuroscience and wellbeing. Expression investigation could be important for result of mind and mental issues. Recently, deep learning has developed more in the area of picture classification. In this survey, we present a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for facial expression recognition. We utilized face emotion data-set and real-time video as an input image for facial emotion recognition system and utilizes Haar classifier for face detection. In this paper, we accomplished accuracy of 94.61% for classification of 7 unique emotions through facial expressions Recently, the popularity of automated and unmanned restaurants has increased.

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Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network; Deep Learning; Emotion Recognition; Facial Expressions, Real Time Detection.

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This paper proposes the development of a smart robotic system for pesticide application, aimed at reducing the amount of pesticides used and minimizing harm to human health. This robotic system is designed to lessen the labor intensity for farmers by incorporating comprehensive route planning, navigation, and driving control systems. The robot will be equipped with a spraying mechanism and a construction system that can avoid obstacles, thanks to the integration of a multi-sensor module. The design process of the spray robot will include simulations and analyses for obstacle avoidance, spraying, and sensor integration. The robot's functionality extends beyond tracking movement and monitoring orientation. It also compensates for path errors to ensure high stability and reliability. The spraying system will be enhanced to prevent leaks and avoid repeated spraying. The system will automatically adjust the spray according to the target, thereby eliminating waste. In conclusion, this project introduces a novel pesticide application system that could revolutionize agricultural practices by providing farmers with a more efficient and safer alternative to traditional methods

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KEYWORDS: Route planning, Navigation System, Intelligent Spraying, Multi sensor, Monitor orientation

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The proposed CNN-based method consists of several stages. Firstly, a large-scale underwater image dataset is collected and preprocessed to remove noise and artifacts. Subsequently, a deep CNN architecture is designed and trained using a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. The CNN model is trained to learn the complex mappings between degraded underwater images and their corresponding enhanced versions. The training process involves optimizing network parameters to minimize a defined loss function, thus enabling the network to capture relevant features and patterns for image enhancement.

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 Keywords

Iteration, Image enhancement, Color contrast, Hybrid filter, Noise reduction, CNN

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The honorable Delhi High Court had an influx of Petitions being filed by Uber India Systems Private Limited and Rickshaw driver's union, IBIBO group with Make My Trip, and several others regarding a central tax notification issued on 18-11-2021 . Its clauses namely 1(i)and 2(i) of the same were being challenged. It was contended against the Union of India that the impugned notification in question is ultra vires to the constitution as well as sections 9(5) and 11 of the Central Goods and Service Tax Act 2017 . This case happened in the capital of our country incited by a former state-issued tax notification on the supply of services dated 28-06-2017 which provided unconditional exemption from payment of GST in case of a supply of services by auto-rickshaw passengers or by any stage carriages other than air-conditioned ones, the new notification of 2021 took that exemption away for intermediary involved Rickshaws. This controversial case left lasting impressions on the attendees of the arguments because it was challenging as a case law that could potentially determine the face of e-commerce adjudication and governance in India with great minds butting heads at both ends of the conundrum. E-commerce or electronic commerce is known for the electronic or online sale, purchase, and rent of products or services online. However, due to the fast-growing IT interception into the physical market, it became more and more difficult for conventional tax laws to keep tabs on tax evasions or the generation of malicious income through the same. Several tax laws under both income tax and GST impact E-commerce transactions. To avoid such non-taxation of transactions and get tax benefits, the central government is adding new sections to both the direct and indirect taxation regimes. The normal trend of the existing taxation laws against the e-commerce sector is such that when adding the credit amount of sales of products, services, or both to an e-commerce participant as well as an e-commerce participant should make payment. E-commerce operators are requisitioned to deduct 1% TDS on the gross number of sales or services or both. The key cause for ambiguity in the regime is due to a distinction to be drawn between taxable transactions and narrowing down on who will be liable for paying tax on the then-generated income. And in the meanwhile, also protecting market competition and the interest of the consumer. Provisions under the Income Tax Act 1961 on e-commerce taxation were a new dawn in the conventional taxation laws primarily forming provisions in the Income Tax Act and GST regulations on e-commerce transactions. There is extensive bifurcation on equalization levy and resident and non-resident levy and levy on online advertising in the Act. One of the fundamental additions was to define E-commerce supply and E-commerce -operators that were given life in the Finance Act of 2016. A particular review of all these additions shows us coping with ambiguity and lacunas which need to be reviewed and extensively researched so that the detriments to a smooth-running taxation system in an ever-changing and challenging economy can be met. The method of research would be a doctrinal approach and extensive case study of the case Uber India v/s Union of India 2023 SCC Online Del 2216 decided on 12-04-2023 Also an extensive review of the Income Tax Act of 2016 and additional notifications published in GST formed to adopt E-commerce into taxable-jurisdiction.

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 Keywords

Keywords: - 1. E-commerce- E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is the largest sector of the electronics industry and is in tu

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This essay critically examines the contentious issue of electoral bonds and political funding in the Indian context. Electoral bonds, introduced in 2017, were designed to facilitate anonymous donations to political parties with the aim of enhancing transparency in the electoral process. However, concerns have been raised regarding the opacity surrounding donor identities and the potential for misuse. Recent legal developments, notably a landmark Supreme Court ruling in 2024, deemed electoral bonds unconstitutional due to violations of citizens' right to information and the opaque nature of political funding. The ruling mandated disclosure of crucial information by the State Bank of India, uncovering previously concealed transactions and donor identities. This essay highlights the ongoing debate surrounding electoral bonds and underscores the importance of transparent and accountable political financing in upholding the integrity of democratic processes in India. It emphasizes the need for reforms to address shortcomings in the current system and restore public trust in the electoral process.

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 Keywords

Election, Electoral Bonds, funding, Democracy, Law, Supreme Court

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