Volume 3 | Issue 4 |

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Carbon Nanotubes, Review analysis, Meta Analysis,

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This study explores the investment practices and preferences of rural residents in Thrissur District, Kerala, providing a detailed analysis of their financial decision-making processes. Conducted between April and May 2014, the research employed a multi-stage sampling technique to ensure a representative sample of the rural population. Data were gathered from 200 respondents through a structured questionnaire administered at major bus stations, public places, and shopping centres by trained personnel. The study identifies significant variations in investment preferences among different occupational groups, including salaried individuals, professionals, coolies, self-employed people, and agriculturists. Key findings indicate that salaried individuals and self-employed people prioritize secure and low-risk investments such as life insurance and bank fixed deposits. Conversely, agriculturists and coolies show a strong preference for tangible and community-based investments, like gold and chit funds. Professionals display a balanced approach, favouring both traditional savings instruments and long-term asset-building investments. Overall, the results highlight a predominant preference for low-risk and secure investment avenues across all groups, with cultural factors and socio-economic conditions significantly influencing financial behaviour.

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Rural investors, Investment behaviour, Thrissur District, Investment pattern

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is consisting of independent and distributed sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The most crucial and fundamental challenge facing WSN is security. Due to minimum capacity in-term of memory cost, processing and physical accessibility to sensors devices the security attacks are problematic. They are mostly deployed in open area, which expose them to different kinds of attacks. In this paper, we present an illustration of different attacks and vulnerabilities in WSN.Wireless sensor networks consist of autonomous sensor nodes attached to one or more base stations.As Wireless sensor networks continues to grow,they become vulnerable to attacks and hence the need for effective security mechanisms.Identification of suitable cryptography for wireless sensor networks is an important challenge due to limitation of energy,computation capability and storage resources of the sensor nodes.Symmetric based cryptographic schemes donot scale well when the number of sensor nodes increases.Hence public key based schemes are widely used.We present here two public – key based algorithms, RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and found out that ECC have a significant advantage over RSA as it reduces the computation time and also the amount of data transmitted and stored.

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Wireless Sensor Network,Security, Cryptography, RSA,ECC.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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: The power consumption of Modern digital circuits has two components. The dynamic power is consumed only when the circuit performs a function and signals change. Leakage or static power is consumed all the time, i.e., even when the circuit is idle. Dynamic and leakage power depend on power supply and to reduce consumption of power, its supply has to be reduced which cannot be lowered beyond a certain limit as it impacts the speed of the circuit. There is trade-off between power and speed in digital circuit designs and so an optimum solution is always looked forward to. In the earlier period, the prime concern of varied large scale integration (VLSI) designer was area, performance, cost and reliability while power considerations were of only secondary significance. Motivated by, emerging battery operated devices like mobile phones, laptops, notebook etc. which demand more battery backup which can be achieved by decreasing the power consumption of the device that depends on standard cells used to implement device. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a technique which brings an optimum solution to the consumption of both static and dynamic power. Static and dynamic power can be reduced using high threshold voltage (vt) and sleep switch techniques respectively. The Technique proposed in this paper is a blend of both these techniques high vt and sleep switch. The proposed technique, Synergetic Power Consumption Technique will help to reduce both the power without affecting the speed of operation. The design will be implemented using high end Computer Aided Design (CAD) Tools. Standard test signals will be applied to design and power will be measured. Power consumption of digital circuit implemented with Synergetic Power Consumption Technique, Sleep-Switch technique and high-vt technique will be measured. For comparison, 8_bit ripple carry adder and dual rail domino 8_bit adder have been implemented with proposed technique and compared with the standard design. It has been observed that 23% of power is saved in case of 8_bit RCA with increase in delay by 20% and 37% of power is saved in case of dual rail domino with increase of 15% in delay.

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Threshold Voltage, Computer Aided Design, Low power dissipation, CMOS design.

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In wireless communication has been demonstrated that multiple antenna system provides very high gain without increasing the use of spectrum, reliability, throughput, power consumption and less sensitivity to fading, hence it leading to a data rate of wireless communication systems In this paper the MIMO system with optimally ordered successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver in minimum mean square error(MMSE) equalizer and simulate this structure in Rayleigh fading channel.SIC receiver based on MMSE combined with optimal ordering improves the performance with lower complexity. In this paper we have investigated the bit error rate performance characteristics of MIMO system by different techniques consists of linear and non linear detectors or equalizers which aid in the elimination of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) thus improving overall performance to analyze the BER of the designed system.BER analysis is done for BPSK modulation schemes using linear equalizer such as ZF, MMSE and non-linear equalizer such as ZF-SIC, MMSE-SIC.

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MIMO, MMSE,ZF, Optimally Ordered SIC.

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There are various performance metrics to compare Ad hoc routing protocols. A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a set of wireless mobile nodes which forms instant temporary network without using any central administration or network infrastructure. All the nodes in MANET’s change their position frequently. Routing protocols are mainly classified in Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A proactive routing protocol is called as Table-driven routing class and a reactive known as On-Demand routing class. Performance is calculated by Quality of service (QoS) parameters. In this paper, Packet delievery fraction, Average throughput and End to end delay are studied comparing with changing of nodes with the help of NS-2.35 (Network simulator – 2.35) software. Comparison of performance of three important protocols like destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and adhoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) for mobile ad hoc networks has been made in different scenarios.

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Wireless Mesh Network, DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, Nodes

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The valley of Kashmir is an area of moderate rainfall through which rivers flowing down from the Himalayas have been frequently overflowing and changing their beds in the soft alluvial soil. Floods have, therefore, been a recurring phenomenon, caused by snow-melting and heavy rainfall. The present article is an intensive study of the floods that ravaged the valley in a period of over 30 years (1901-1931) during which the ground surface changed with the building of embanked roads, other embankments, and dams, thereby blocking the natural drainage lines of the past. The article also chronicles how the local populations suffered from the constant recurrence and increasing virulence of floods. It thus aims to bring together the information we have on the environmental and human history of the region for a period of about 30 years of Dogra rule.

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Floods, Embankments, Population, State, Hydraulic Engineering, Kashmir

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO WELFARE OF THE WORKERS UNDER THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO WELFARE OF THE WORKERS UNDER THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948

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"Baghelkhand ka Aitihasik Adhyayan" (Lok Kala ke Vishesh Sandarbh mein)

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"Baghelkhand ka Aitihasik Adhyayan" (Lok Kala ke Vishesh Sandarbh mein)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition