Volume 6 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has significantly advanced the quality of automated translation by leveraging deep learning architectures such as encoder-decoder models with attention mechanisms. However, most NMT systems rely heavily on large-scale parallel corpora, making them less effective for low-resource languages where annotated bilingual data is scarce. This paper investigates the key challenges associated with NMT for low-resource languages, including data sparsity, vocabulary limitations, domain mismatch, and evaluation difficulties. It further explores effective solutions proposed in prior research, such as data augmentation through back-translation, transfer learning from high-resource languages, multilingual NMT, subword modeling, and the use of linguistic knowledge. By reviewing established techniques and architectures developed before 2018, the paper highlights how these approaches help mitigate data scarcity and improve translation quality. The study emphasizes that combining multiple strategies--particularly multilingual learning and synthetic data generation--offers promising performance gains for low-resource settings. Overall, this work provides a concise and structured overview of NMT methodologies for low-resource languages and serves as a useful reference for researchers and practitioners working in this domain

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 Keywords

Neural Machine Translation, Low-Resource Languages, Encoder-Decoder Model, Attention Mechanism, Back-Translation, Transfer Learning, Multilingual NMT, Data Augmentation, Machine Translation

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The present investigation was carried out at Banana Research Station, Nanded. "Studies on plant geometry and levels of potassium on growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa acuminata L.)", for two trial years. In the present experiment, there were four main treatments of plant density, viz. D1 (1.5 m x 1.2 m), D2 (1.5 m x 1.5 m), D3 (1.5 m x 1.8 m) and D4 (1.5 m x 2.1 m), three sub- treatment of potassium levels, viz. K1 (100 g K2 O/plant), K2 (200 g K2O/plant), K3 (300 g K2O/plant) and thus comprising twelve treatment combinations. From the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be revealed that the lowest acidity (0.085%) was recorded in D3 1.5 m x 1.8 m (3,703 plants/ha) which was at par (0.089%) with D2 1.5 m x 1.5 m (4,444 plants/ha), the highest acidity (0.110%) was noted in D1 1.5 m x 1.2 m (5,555 plants/ha). The effect of potassium levels on acidity in pooled was found to be non-significant. In the interaction effect the lowest acidity (0.064%) was equally recorded in three treatments D2K2 (1.5, x 1.5, at 200 g K2O/plant) D3K3 (1.5 m x 1.8 mm at 300 g K2O/plant), D4K1(1.5mx 2.1m at 100 g K2O/plant), which was at par (0.0075%) with D2K3 (1.5 m x 1.5 mm at 300 g K2O/plant) and then equally at par (0.085%) with three treatments D1K2 (1.5 m x 1.2 m at 200 g K2O/plant)D3K1 (1.5 m x 2.1 m at 100 g K2O/plant) D4K2 (1.5 m x 2.1 m at 200 g K2O/plant)at a time and lastly at par (107%) with D3K2 (1.5 m x 1.8 mm at 200 g K2O/plant). The highest acidity (0.128%) was recorded equally In three treatment D1K3 (1.5 m x 1.2 m at 300 g K2O/plant), D2K1 (1.5, x 1.5m at 100 g K2O/plant) D4K3 (1.5 m x 2.1 m at 300 g K2O/plant) at a time and which is significantly at par (0.117%) with D1K1 (1.5 m x 1.2 m at 100 g K2O/plant).

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Study of Levels of Potassium and Plant Geometry on Acidity of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) cv. Ardhapuri

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The banking sector has undergone a significant transformation with the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Prior to AI adoption, many banks faced challenges such as inefficient manual processes, inadequate risk management, loan processing , credit scoring, poor customer experience and major cyber crime issues. However, AI has emerged as a game-changer, enabling banks to streamline operations, improve customer service, enhance security, personalize offerings, fraud detection, ROI maximization and tailor solutions. This research explores the current state of AI in banking and financial services, as well as how AI can overcome cyber crime in banks with the help of cyber security wing. Stepping up AI adoption it will predict online frauds, loan defaults by using AI algorithms and to train the data to learn how to respond to different situations. The AI industry in India is expected to reach$7.8 billion by 2026, with a significant chunk of this investment coming from the banking sector. This study also gives an insight into the positive and negative impact of an Artificial Intelligence in Indian Banking Industries and also cyber crime issues related to banking sector. This paper gives the detail of the descriptive nature of customer awareness And perception toward the Artificial intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence, Banking, Financial Services, Security, CyberCrime

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Rohinton Mistry's Such a Long Journey (1991) is a seminal work in Indian English literature, narrating the plight of the middle-class Parsi protagonist Gustad Noble amidst the socio-political turbulence of 1970s Bombay. The novel is a rich interplay of private loss and public betrayal, examining how personal lives are deeply impacted by the larger forces of history and politics. This paper investigates how Mistry portrays the decay of urban life, the erosion of moral and political ideals, and the spiritual crisis faced by the individual. It also situates the novel within the broader framework of postcolonial literature, exploring its thematic complexity, historical consciousness, and literary craftsmanship. Through a close reading of the text and engagement with secondary scholarship, the paper offers a comprehensive understanding of Such a Long Journey as both a historical document and a humanist narrative.

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Urban Disillusionment and Political Betrayal in Rohinton Mistry's Such a Long Journey

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The movement for the unification of Karnataka was a historic and transformative process aimed at integrating all Kannada-speaking regions into one administrative entity. The unification movement, spanning several decades, culminated in 1956 with the establishment of Karnataka state, reshaping the political, cultural, and social landscape of the region. This article presents a qualitative analysis of the significance of this movement, delving into its causes, the challenges encountered, the post-unification scenario, and suggestions for the region's future growth. By exploring the intricacies of the movement and its aftermath, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the unification on Karnataka's identity, unity, and development.

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Unification, Karnataka, Kannada, Language Movement, Political Integration, Cultural Identity, Regional Politics, Social Harmony, Challenges, Post-Unification Development

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After India attained independence in 1947, the country faced the herculean task of political integration, with over 560 princely states scattered across the subcontinent. These states were not legally bound to join either India or Pakistan, and their future was uncertain. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, played a pivotal role in bringing about the peaceful integration of these diverse states into the Indian Union. With remarkable diplomacy, foresight, and determination, Patel used a mix of persuasion, strategic force, and legal mechanisms to unify India. This paper explores his instrumental role, the challenges faced, the strategies adopted, and the lasting impact on India's unity and sovereignty. It also assesses literature on the subject and offers findings and suggestions for contemporary nation-building efforts.

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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Princely States , Political Integration , Indian Union , Post-Independence India , Hyderabad , Junagadh , Kashmir , National Unity , Indian Constitution

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The concept of viscosity is commonly used to characterize a material, but it is not adequate to describe the mechanical behavior of a substance, particularly non-Newtonian fluids. several other rheological properties which relate the relations between the stress and strain rate tensors under different flow conditions, such as oscillatory shear, or extensional flow can be described the mechanical behavior of non-Newtonian fluids like Blood. Viscoelasticity is a rheological phenomenon that describes the flow properties of complex fluids like blood. Viscoelastic materials have interesting properties. They exhibit both viscous behavior as well as elasticity. The viscosity and elasticity of blood are direct indicators of how these parameters affect the ability of the blood to flow under the shear conditions imposed by the pulsatility of the circulation. The present study aims at 1.)To measure velocity of blood for different flow rates in a capillary tube, which is achieved by allowing the blood to flow in a capillary tube of different radii and 2) To measure ultrasonic velocity and absorption in blood at different frequencies. The data is presented and findings and conclusions are drawn from this data.

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viscosity, Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, Flow rate, Ultrasonic velocity, Absorption

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In an era of dynamic financial markets, understanding the relationship between financial literacy and investment behavior is essential. This study investigates the influence of financial knowledge on investment preferences among 300 individual investors in Kalaburagi district using a structured questionnaire. Employing correlation, regression analysis, and ANOVA, the study finds a strong positive relationship between financial literacy and behaviors such as diversification, risk-taking, and investment frequency. Regression results reveal financial literacy as the strongest predictor of informed investment behavior, surpassing demographic factors like income or education. ANOVA confirms significant behavioral differences among investors across literacy levels. The findings reinforce the need for targeted financial education to build a more financially empowered population.

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Financial literacy, investment behaviour, investor decision-making, behavioural finance

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Sadhon Chattopadhyay's short story 'flesh eating horse' to see how the tale first builds and then breaks its own world. The horse, which eats human flesh is more than a frightening animal - it is a moving sign that upsets daily human life. As fear spreads, the lines between safe and dangerous, human and animal, real and imagined start to blur. The story's switching narrator, sudden jumps in time and unfinished hints deepen this feeling of confusion. The story shows that, space is never fixed. It is shaped by people's thoughts, memories and worries, and it can fall apart when a shock arrives. By showing this break-up of space, Sadhon Chattopadhyay challenges old power rules and reminds us how quickly men's thinking can change the world.

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Horse, Animal, Human being, Power, Space, World.

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Karnataka, one of India's most agriculturally progressive states, holds a pivotal position in the country's floriculture landscape due to its unique combination of diverse agro-climatic zones, fertile soils, and a favorable tropical monsoon climate. These natural advantages, coupled with emerging infrastructure and policy support, have enabled the state to become a leading producer and exporter of a wide array of flowers such as roses, chrysanthemums, gerberas, marigolds, tuberose, and orchids. Presently, Karnataka contributes around 14% of India's total flower production, and is recognized as a major player in both domestic and international flower markets, particularly through hubs like Bengaluru and Kolar. The climatic conditions--marked by moderate temperatures, relatively high humidity, and predictable rainfall patterns--support year-round cultivation, especially under protected environments like polyhouses and greenhouses, which have been increasingly adopted by farmers across the state. This research article aims to explore the geographic and climatic suitability of Karnataka for floriculture and examines how this sector is being strategically integrated with agriculture and the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) ecosystem. The study investigates how MSMEs are playing a catalytic role in areas such as flower processing, marketing, packaging, cold chain logistics, and export facilitation. In addition, the paper delves into key policy initiatives, success stories, and infrastructural developments that have contributed to the sector's rise, while also critically analyzing existing challenges including post-harvest losses, export taxation, inconsistent market linkages, and limited access to finance for small growers. A focused case study from Tumakuru district is presented to illustrate real-world examples of floriculture success, especially where traditional farmers have diversified into floriculture and experienced significant income growth.

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Karnataka, Floriculture, Agro-climatic Zones, Climate Suitability, Agriculture, MSME, Sustainable Practices, Export Potential, Horticulture Policy elaborate

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition