Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

With the evolution of cellular networks beyond 4G, addressing critical challenges such as increased capacity,higher data rates,reduced latency, and improvedQuality of Service (QoS) has become essential. To meet these demands, significant advancements in cellular network architecture are required. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network architecture, highlighting key technologies that contribute to its development. Among these technologies, Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Device-to-Device (D2D) communication are particularly emphasized, as they play a crucial role in enhancing network efficiency, improving spectral utilization, and enabling seamless connectivity in dense urban environments. Beyond the core 5G architecture, this paper also explores emerging technologies that are fundamental to optimizing network performance. These include interference management strategies,spectrumsharingthroughcognitiveradio,ultra-densenetworks(UDN), multi-radio access technology (Multi-RAT),full-duplexradios,and millimeter-wavecommunication.The integrationof cloud-based Radio AccessNetworks (C-RAN) and Software-DefinedNetworks (SDN) further enhances the flexibility, scalability, and automation of 5G infrastructure, making it more adaptable to dynamic traffic demands. A probable 5G network architecture is also proposed, incorporating essential elements such as small cell access points, network cloud integration, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to ensure efficient connectivity across various applications. Furthermore, the paper conducts an extensive survey of global research projects on 5G, examining the contributions of leading research groups and institutions worldwide. These studies offer valuable insights into the ongoing innovations and technological breakthroughs that are shaping the future of next-generation wireless communication.

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 Keywords

5G Network Architecture, Massive MIMO, Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication, Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN), Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing, Cloud-Based Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) and Software-Defined Networks (SDN).

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Introduction: Mobile advertising is one of the key factors determining consumer purchases to generate profit. This study aimed to describe the consumers' attitudes toward mobile advertising, exploring the four dimensions of Entertainment, Credibility, Irritation, and Personalization. Methodology: This study utilized a quantitative descriptive design. It determined a total of 129 teaching and non-teaching personnel of one of the private schools in Qatar as respondents through simple stratified random sampling. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the consumers' attitude towards mobile advertising, when taken collectively, was negative; the highest dimension was Entertainment, while the lowest was Irritation. Discussion: The results found that there are no significant differences on the consumers attitude towards mobile advertising when grouped according to age and sex. Recommendations: Based on the results of this study, the researchers recommend that marketers must improve the credibility of their mobile advertising, as well as personalize them to consumer preference, all while reducing irritating factors in order to receive a positive attitude from consumers and ensure consumer purchase.

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 Keywords

Consumer Attitude, Marketing, Mobile Advertising, Mobile Devices, SMS

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Bastar District, Chhattisgarh, is renowned for its rich tribal art and craft traditions, including Dhokra metalwork, terracotta, wrought iron, woodcraft, and Kosa silk textiles, practiced by indigenous communities like the Gond, Maria, and Muria tribes. These crafts, rooted in ancient techniques and cultural narratives, face a critical decline due to economic pressures, lack of market access, and modernization. This research paper examines the historical significance, current challenges, and socio-economic impacts of Bastar's vanishing art forms. Using a mixed-methods approach, including field surveys, artisan interviews, and secondary data analysis, the study identifies key factors contributing to the decline and proposes actionable strategies for preservation. Findings underscore the urgent need for government intervention, NGO support, and global market integration to sustain these cultural treasures.

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The Vanishing Art and Craft of Bastar District, Chhattisgarh: Challenges and Preservation Strategies

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The word computational thinking has emerged as a significant catalyst in transforming the way pupil engage and comprehend mathematics in the dynamic landscape of education. Despite the conventional realm of mathematical problem solving the computational thinking provides an alternative view point that align with the requirement of digital world. The study investigates computational thinking (CT) as a transformative catalyst in mathematics instruction. The paper conducts a thorough literature review to analyze multiple definitions of CT across disciplines, defines its essential components relevant to mathematics, and studies efficient integration procedures for mathematical problem solving. The study shows that four critical CT components such as decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithms are consistent with mathematics education frameworks and can considerably improve students' problem-solving abilities. The study also investigates pedagogical approaches that use both digital (plugged) and non-digital (unplugged) activities to enhance CT skills. The findings show that problem-based learning is particularly successful for incorporating CT into mathematics education. The study contributes to our understanding of how computational thinking can be systematically integrated into mathematics classrooms to prepare students for 21st-century issues, implying that careful curriculum design and teacher training are required for successful implementation.

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 Keywords

Computational Thinking, Mathematics Education, Pedagogical approaches, Role of Computational thinking skills.

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The project aims to predict rice leaf diseases using the CNN machine learning model and integrate it with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. CNN is a powerful convolutional neural networK(CNN) known for image classification, and in this context, it will be trained on a dataset of rice leaf images to accurately identify and classify diseases. The IoT aspect involves deploying sensors in rice fields to collect real-time environmental data, which will be fed into the model for more precise disease predictions. This integration of CNN and IoT enhances the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection in rice crops, allowing for timely and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of diseases on rice yields. This project presents a smart irrigation system that optimizes water usage by adjusting pump speed using PWM pulses, based on real-time environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and water level.

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ABSTRACT This manuscript offers an extensive analysis of ChemDraw, an innovative software for chemical structure depiction that was developed in 1985. Originally designed to overcome the challenges associated with manual chemical illustrations, ChemDraw has transformed into a vital resource for chemists, researchers, educators, and professionals in various industries. It enables the creation of high-quality two-dimensional and three-dimensional molecular representations, reaction mechanisms, and predictive modeling of properties. The paper delineates the historical progression of ChemDraw, significant version enhancements, and essential features such as NMR prediction, stereochemical analysis, SMILES generation, and chemical property estimation. The review underscores its wide-ranging applications within academic settings, pharmaceutical development, industrial chemistry, and chemical engineering. Notwithstanding its myriad advantages--including an intuitive user interface, cloud functionality, and educational applications--the software exhibits certain limitations, particularly in the management of intricate biomolecules, inorganic chemistry, and three-dimensional modeling. The manuscript concludes by emphasizing ChemDraw's ongoing advancement and its critical role in contemporary chemical communication and documentation.

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ChemDraw chemical drawing software structure editor molecular modeling chemical structure representation chemical diagram tool scientific illustration cheminformatics molecular design chemical reaction drawing organic chemistry software IUPAC naming NMR prediction spectral analysis SMILES generation chemical publishing molecular formula chemical equation editor chemistry visualization ? Uses of ChemDraw: Drawing chemical structures and reactions Predicting NMR, IR, and Mass s

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Thyroid nodules are widespread in the general population, and a sizable percentage of them ar e benign .Differentiating between benign and malignant nodules is crucial to preventing unnec essary treatments and ensuring timely treatment for malignancies .Thyroid nodule stiffness can be evaluated noninvasively with ultrasound elastography, most especially using Acoustic Radi ation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging .This article examines the concepts, procedures, diagnosti c potential, and clinical applications of ARFI elastography in thyroid nodule assessment..

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Thyroid, Ultrasonography, Elastrography, Nodules, ARFI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the contemporary Information Technology (IT) era, information has become an indispensable factor influencing various facets of human life, particularly in sectors such as healthcare, education, business, and governance. The capability to efficiently collect, store, process, and disseminate data, information, and knowledge is now recognized as a critical determinant of success in an increasingly digital and data-driven world. This paradigm shift has been driven by remarkable advancements in computing power, storage capabilities, and the widespread use of electronic devices, resulting in the exponential growth of data generation--often referred to as big data. This research also highlights the intricate processes involved in data collection, storage, knowledge generation, and dissemination. In doing so, it underscores the transformative role of IT in modern organizational structures. Additionally, it examines how data management systems and mining technologies empower stakeholders to derive meaningful conclusions, optimize business operations, and maintain a competitive advantage in an increasingly data-centric landscape. The findings of this study offer valuable insights that can inform the development of robust data management strategies. Moreover, they provide a foundation for leveraging data mining techniques to maximize organizational value and enhance decision-making capabilities. The conclusions drawn from this research are expected to contribute to the ongoing discourse on data management and mining technologies, providing practical guidance for organizations aiming to navigate the complexities of a data-driven world

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 Keywords

Information Technology (IT), Big data, Data warehouses, Centralized repositories, Data collection, Data storage, Data mining tools, Machine learning, Artificial intelligence, Data analysis

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The banking sector plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country, with private sector banks emerging as key players in delivering customer-centric services. This review paper examines the service quality of private sector banks by analyzing existing literature and research findings. It explores key dimensions of service quality, such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles, with a focus on how these factors influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. The study also highlights the growing importance of technology-driven services and digital banking in shaping customer experiences. By synthesizing insights from various empirical studies, this paper identifies gaps in service delivery, best practices, and areas requiring improvement. The findings aim to provide valuable implications for bank managers, policymakers, and researchers seeking to enhance service quality and customer relationship management in the competitive landscape of private sector banking.

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Service Quality, Private Sector Banks

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Food wastage is one of the most critical challenges faced by society today, especially in regions where celebrations, events, and large-scale gatherings frequently occur. Despite the abundance of food produced and available globally, countless individuals from underprivileged communities remain unable to access even a single meal in a day. Addressing this glaring disparity, this paper introduces a socially-driven web-based platform designed to bridge the gap between excess food availability and those in need. The platform provides an innovative solution to mitigate food wastage by enabling seamless interaction between food donors and local NGOs. Built using user-friendly technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, the platform allows food donors to input essential details, such as their location, estimated food quantity, and contact information. The information is then made accessible to NGOs, who can take swift action to collect the surplus food and ensure its redistribution to communities in need.

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 Keywords

Food donation , NGO , Web App

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition