Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

One of the controlled breathing techniques mentioned by the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is pranayama, and it is becoming a more and more popular subject of modern scientific studies given its quantifiable physiological and neurobiological outcomes. The paper critically analyzes the underling mechanisms of pranayama with emphasis being given to respiratory gaseous exchange, carbon dioxide (CO2) control, the autonomic nervous system control, and neural processing. Controlled breathing changes the ratio of the oxygen and CO2 thus affecting blood pH, blood vessels tone, and cerebral blood flow, including the Bohr effect. Breath holding (kumbhaka) also increases CO2 tolerance, which results in adaptive adjustments in the control of the respiration and neural responsiveness. Moreover, pranayama is revealed to regulate autonomic activity through enhancement of parasympathetic activity and vagal tone which leads to lowered stress and better regulation of emotion. There is neurophysiological evidence that pranayama modifies the brain wave pattern and increases the coordination of neural activity, especially in attention and cognition related cortical areas. The division of the pranayama into hyperventilation and hypoventilation practices has offered a physiological explanation of its two-fold effects of stimulation and relaxation by respiratory alkalosis and acidosis. Even though the existing research confirms the scientific nature of pranayama, such drawbacks as small samples, variability in methodology, and unstandardized measures are also considerable. Thus, more extensive and controlled research should be conducted to determine its clinical effectiveness and mechanisms underlying it in a more definitive manner.

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 Keywords

Pranayama, Carbon dioxide regulation, Autonomic nervous system, Brain activity, Respiratory physiology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

AI systems built on large language models face a persistent architectural challenge: once training ends, the model's knowledge is locked in place. Introducing a new application area -- whether clinical decision support, legal research, or domain-specific engineering -- demands either retraining the whole network or running a separate fine-tuning pipeline, both of which are expensive and offer no pathway for shared learning across domains. This paper presents Genesis V1, a framework that addresses this problem through a lineage-based approach. A general-purpose parent model, once trained, serves as a permanent knowledge source from which smaller, task-focused child models are derived via knowledge distillation on demand. As children accumulate, they collectively form a query-routing ecosystem -- each request goes to whichever specialist is best placed to answer it, and the system as a whole operates at a fraction of the computational overhead a single large model would require. The framework presented here is conceptual and architectural; no implementation exists and no empirical benchmarks have been collected. Where performance figures appear, they are analytical estimates derived from published literature and are labelled explicitly. A structured four-stage plan for experimental validation is included.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

regenerative AI, knowledge distillation, parent-child model evolution, model ecosystems, continual learning, LoRA adaptation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

AN ANALYSIS OF INDIAN SPORTS POLICY

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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AN ANALYSIS OF INDIAN SPORTS POLICY

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ordinance-making power under Articles 123 and 213 of the Indian Constitution grants the President and Governors authority to promulgate laws during legislative recesses. Originally designed as an emergency measure to ensure governance continuity, this power has evolved into one of the most debated features of executive authority in India. While it serves as a crucial tool in addressing urgent legislative needs, concerns persist about its frequent and politically motivated use, which risks undermining parliamentary supremacy and democratic accountability. Judicial pronouncements, including D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar and Krishna Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, have repeatedly emphasized that ordinances are temporary, exceptional, and subject to legislative ratification and judicial review. The study critically examines the historical evolution, constitutional framework, and judicial interpretation of ordinance-making, highlighting its misuse and the need for safeguards. It also draws a comparative perspective with other democracies like the U.K. and the U.S., suggesting that stricter procedural limitations, transparency mechanisms, and robust judicial checks are vital to prevent executive overreach. Ultimately, the ordinance-making power must function within the constitutional spirit, striking a balance between executive efficiency and the principles of representative democracy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ordinance-making power, Articles 123 and 213, Executive legislation, judicial review, Constitutional democracy, Misuse of ordinances

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFST) members are widely recognized as an efficient composite structural system due to their high strength, stiffness, and ductility. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the compressive and flexural behaviour of CFST elements incorporating advanced and sustainable materials such as Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), fly ash, and graphene oxide. The use of SCC enhances workability and ensures uniform filling in confined steel sections without the need for vibration, while fly ash contributes to sustainability by reducing cement consumption and improving durability. Furthermore, the inclusion of graphene oxide as a nano-material significantly enhances the mechanical properties of concrete by refining its microstructure and reducing micro-cracking. The study also highlights the role of finite element analysis using ANSYS in accurately predicting structural behaviour, stress distribution, and failure modes of CFST members. Based on the review of existing literature, it is observed that the integration of nano-modified SCC in CFST systems leads to improved load-carrying capacity and overall performance. The paper identifies key research gaps and emphasizes the need for combined experimental and computational approaches for the optimized design of composite structural elements.

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 Keywords

Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFST), Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Fly Ash, Graphene Oxide, Composite Structures, Finite Element Analysis (ANSYS), Compressive Behaviour, Flexural Behaviour, Sustainable Materials, Structural Performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Oxidative stress caused by free radicals plays a major role in skin aging and damage. Natural antioxidants from plant sources are increasingly preferred for topical formulation due to their safety and efficacy. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a topical cream containing Gmelina arborea extract for antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of G. arborea was prepared using Maceration extraction and evaluated for free radical scavenging activity using H2O2 Scavenging assay. Based on antioxidant potential, the extract was incorporated into cream formulations using different emulsifying agents. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical oarameters such as pH, spreadability, homogeneity, stability, and antioxidant activitiy, suggesting its potential use in herbal applications.

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 Keywords

Gmelina arborea, Antioxidant, Evaluation, H2O2 Scavenging assay

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Skin diseases are mostly caused by fungal infection, bacteria, allergy, viruses etc. The lasers advancement and photonics based medical technology is used in diagnosis of the skin disease quickly and accurately. The medical equipment for such diagnosis is limited and most expensive. Skin cancer's early detection has very much importance to save the life of a victim but it is a challenging task for dermatologists. Deep learning techniques helps in detection of skin disease at an initial stage. The feature extraction plays a key role in classification of skin lesion. The usage of Convolution Neural Networks has reduced the need for human labour, such as manual feature extraction and data reconstruction for classification purpose. In this project we are going to use transfer learning with mobile net (A convolution neural network architecture) architecture for better speed and accuracy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Deep Learning Techniques, Convolutional Neural Networks, Skin Lesion types, Image Processing, Mobile Net

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Chronic bronchitis, structured teaching programme, nurse-led intervention, home care management, risk factors, knowledge.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Our project is design of a controller for a vending machine, which sells candy bars for five rupees. The implementation of this project was done by using a finite state machine (FSM) model. In a normal vending machine we insert some coin of a specific amount and we get the item from the vending machine. But in this project it is not the same. The vending machine designed here is for a five rupees candy, so as per a normal vending if you insert five rupees in the machine you will receive a candy from the machine, but suppose you insert more than five (in a combination of one rupee or two rupees or five rupees) then if it would be a normal vending machine then it would not work, but in this project we designed a vending machine which give you the candy and the remaining money.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

FSM ,VLSI , HDL ,RTL,ASIC

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition