Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Biochemistry education presents considerable challenges due to the abstract, integrative, and complex nature of its subject matter. Conventional teaching approaches frequently fail to promote in-depth comprehension and long-term memory of biological ideas. In science education, concept mapping, a visual learning technique based on Ausubel's notion of meaningful learning, has become a powerful teaching tool. This comprehensive review explores the theoretical foundations, cognitive benefits, and practical applications of concept mapping in biochemistry learning. It examines how idea maps help with student's understanding, memory, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Empirical research and case studies show how concept mapping improves outcomes for students, while a variety of digital tools and collaborative platforms enhance its accessibility and effectiveness. The review also addresses implementation challenges and proposes best practices and future innovations, including AI integration and interdisciplinary mapping. Concept mapping is positioned not only as a study aid but as a transformative strategy that empowers students to navigate the complexities of biochemistry with confidence and clarity.

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 Keywords

Biochemistry education; Concept mapping; Meaningful learning; Cognitive tools; Visual learning; Student engagement; Knowledge retention; Digital tools in education; Active learning; Problem-solving skills.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The fusion of AI and synthetic biology is accelerating breakthroughs across various domains, with the potential to reshape industries and solve global challenges. In healthcare, AI tools are enhancing the development of precision medicine by analyzing genetic data to identify targeted therapies for diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. AI-driven bioengineering is also advancing the creation of custom-designed microorganisms capable of producing sustainable biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and bio-based materials. These innovations contribute to the development of green technologies, offering promising solutions for climate change and pollution management. Moreover, AI models help simulate complex biological systems, improving the design of genetically engineered organisms for food production, such as drought-resistant crops or bacteria that enhance soil health. However, these advances also raise significant ethical concerns around genetic privacy, the unintended consequences of creating new life forms, and the ecological impact of releasing engineered organisms into natural environments. The regulatory landscape is also struggling to keep pace with these rapid developments, requiring international collaboration and thoughtful policy-making to ensure responsible innovation. As AI continues to evolve, its role in synthetic biology will undoubtedly lead to new possibilities, but also demand careful consideration of its broader implications for society and the environment.

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 Keywords

Artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, bioengineering, perfection medicine, sustainable power, heritable insulation ethical considerations in biodiversity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abuse of dominance remains a central concern in competition law, serving as a critical safeguard against market distortions caused by firms wielding excessive power. This paper explores the legal and economic dimensions of dominant market positions and the threshold at which competitive behavior turns into abusive conduct. By examining key jurisprudence, regulatory frameworks, and economic theories across various jurisdictions, the study highlights the challenges in identifying and proving abuse, particularly in digital and rapidly evolving markets. It argues for a balanced approach that deters anti-competitive behavior while preserving incentives for innovation and growth. The paper concludes by proposing clearer guidelines and enforcement strategies to address emerging forms of dominance in the global economy.

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 Keywords

Dominance, market position, competitive, regulatory, Jurisdiction, strategies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Thrift shopping is an economic course of action between youngsters nowadays, as the wants and desires are increasing day by day but the income of consumers are not increasing consistently. Thrift shopping perceives an immediate flash in popularity in the past few years which is a combination of different economic groups, cultural backgrounds and environmental conditions. Thrift shopping has added numerous benefits whereas less no. of drawbacks. In the recent years it has been overviewed by its affordability amongst consumers who are not ready to pick up the expensive clothes rather they want good looking attires at discounted price, thrift shopping is undoubtedly a sustainable alternative as it scale down the pollution. The aim of this research is to study the buying behavior over thrift shopping amidst the youngsters aged between 18- 24years of the Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. This will be done through survey method by interviewing people through a questionnaire. The outcome of this research will be economic accessibility for the consumers as they can save money for their future endeavors.

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 Keywords

Thrift shopping, consumers, buying behavior, survey, affordability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Minimizing power consumption is a crucial concern in VLSI design. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), a fundamental processor component, performs arithmetic and logical operations, often leading to increased power usage with higher complexity. A major contributor to dynamic power is the clock network, which can be optimized using clock gating to disable inactive blocks. Existing literature offers multiple power reduction techniques within ALUs, but further optimization is achievable by integrating diverse approaches. This project presents a tunable ALU design employing clock gating along with Parallel-In Parallel-Out (PIPO) shift registers and Booth's algorithm. Specific operations are activated based on the input opcode, while others remain idle to minimize power. The ALU supports 8-bit inputs, carry-in, borrow-in, enable signals, and a 2-bit shift input, with a 4:16 decoder enabling 16 operations through a 4-bit opcode. The design evaluates four clock gating techniques: latch-free, latch-based, flip-flop-based, and synthesis-based gating, all integrated with PIPO registers. Each design iteration demonstrates reduced power consumption through selective operation activation and efficient data handling.

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 Keywords

Tunable ALU, Dynamic Power, Clock Gating, RTL Design, PIPO, Booth's Algorithm, Power Optimization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Child rearing practices plays an important role in the development of child. Working and non-working mothers rear their child in different way. So, working and non-working mothers influencing various aspects of a child's development. Working mothers may rely more on children and may have less time for focused interactions, while non- working mothers may have more opportunities for direct involvement in their child's daily routine and education. Child - rearing practices are investigated in families in which the mother is employed and comparable families in which the mother is not employed. When mothers' motivations and education are considered along with status, associations with child- rearing appear. Mothers who prefer to work but out of a sense of duty do not work report the most problems in child rearing. Children are under firmer control and are given more responsibilities by working mothers then by non-working mothers in groups with high school training. The purpose of the study is to know about child rearing practices of working and non-working mothers. The invigilators want to know how we rear the child for overall development of the child.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Child-rearing Practices, Working-Mothers, Non-Working Mothers, Child

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Regulated markets are established to bring order, transparency, and fairness to the trade of goods, especially agricultural commodities. However, despite their intended purpose, they face a multitude of challenges that hinder their efficiency and the benefits they promise to stakeholders. This paper explores the major obstacles confronting regulated markets including governance issues, infrastructure inadequacies, price manipulation, and limited access for farmers. Through a review of existing literature and data analysis, this article outlines the key features of regulated markets and presents evidence of their shortcomings.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Regulated Markets, Agricultural Marketing, Infrastructure, Price Discovery, Farmer Access, Governance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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With the increasing number of road accidents attributed to driver distraction and drowsiness, intelligent driver monitoring has become a critical focus area in automotive safety systems. This research presents an AI-powered Driver Monitoring System that detects and classifies driver behaviour in real-time using deep learning techniques. The system is trained on a curated dataset comprising 11 driver activity classes, including normal driving (c0), various distracted behaviors (c1-c9), and drowsiness detection (c10). Several architectures were explored to identify the most effective model, including a Simple Dense Network, ResNet50 , and VGG16. The YOLOv8 model achieved the highest standalone test accuracy of 98.46%, making it the optimal choice for real-time Region of Interest (ROI) extraction. Leveraging this, the final proposed architecture integrates YOLOv8 for ROI detection, followed by VGG16 for fine-grained classification of driver actions. This hybrid pipeline combines the speed and localization efficiency of YOLOv8 with the classification strength of VGG16, ensuring high precision in diverse real-world scenarios. The proposed system holds promise for deployment in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and fleet management platforms, contributing to enhanced road safety and proactive intervention against risky driving behavior.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, Distraction Detection, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Convolutional Neural Networks, AI in Transportation, Real-Time Monitoring, Road Safety, Multiclass Classification.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The structural evaluation and overlay design of flexible pavements are essential for ensuring road performance and prolonging pavement life. The FWD test is a widely adopted, non-destructive method for assessing the structural capacity of flexible pavements by replicating real-world traffic loading conditions. This study outlines a comprehensive approach for evaluating flexible pavements using FWD test and developing effective overlay designs to restore their structural integrity and serviceability. Pavement surface deflections caused by impulse loading are used to back-calculate layer moduli and identify structural weaknesses. The overlay design process is grounded in mechanistic-empirical principles, using the computed moduli and critical strain responses to determine the optimal overlay thickness. The FWD test was developed to address the limitations of the BBD method. Compared to the BBD, the FWD offers several advantages, including faster data collection, greater accuracy, and the ability to simulate dynamic traffic loading conditions. Unlike the BBD test, which uses static loading and manual measurements, the FWD replicates real-time traffic loads, resulting in more reliable and comprehensive evaluations of pavement performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

FWD-Falling Wight Deflectometer, BBD-Benkelman Beam Deflectometer, Back-Calculation, Layer Moduli

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive financial performance analysis of ITC Limited over a five-year period (2019-2024), utilizing key financial ratios to evaluate the company's operational efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The analysis is based entirely on secondary data derived from ITC's annual reports and financial statements. Key metrics such as the current ratio, quick ratio, net profit margin, return on capital employed, and various turnover ratios were applied to assess ITC's financial health. The findings reveal that ITC maintains a strong liquidity position, consistently high profitability, and minimal reliance on debt, underscoring its financial stability. The company's efforts in diversifying revenue streams, optimizing resource utilization, and focusing on sustainable growth are evident in its improving financial indicators. This study concludes that ITC is well-positioned for future growth and resilience, with strategic initiatives aligning with evolving market and environmental demands.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key words: Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, ITC Limited, Liquidity Ratios.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition