Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This system employs advanced sensing technologies such as RFID readers and passenger load sensors to automatically monitor and regulate bus occupancy, route scheduling, and station-level crowd distribution based on live transit conditions and commuter behaviour. The prototype integrates a microcontroller, OLED display module, and cloud connectivity to create a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and commuter-friendly solution. It ensures compliance with modern smart city transit standards, including Automatic Passenger Counting (APC), while enhancing route visibility, timely dispatching, and operational convenience for transit operators and passengers. The Adaptive Urban Transit Optimization System is designed to intelligently manage all transit monitoring functions in a public transport vehicle without the need for manual intervention. Using an RFID-based passenger identification system, the solution continuously tracks passenger boarding and alighting events and transmits occupancy data to a cloud platform for real-time analytics. This feature is particularly useful when managing peak-hour surges, station bottlenecks, or route diversions where passenger flow shifts suddenly. A passenger load evaluation algorithm is employed to detect overcrowding thresholds or underutilization patterns, automatically triggering route optimization alerts dispatched to transit control centers. The system can also be integrated with the vehicle's ignition and GPS modules to ensure that Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) is active from the moment the bus departs, complying with smart transit norms and enabling dynamic scheduling decisions.

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 Keywords

IoT, RFID, Passenger Flow Monitoring, ESP8266, Smart Transit System, Cloud Analytics, Automatic Passenger Counting

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The current paper examines the sufferings and the trauma faced by the Afghan people due to war and the aftermath of war with reference to Atiq Rahimi's novels Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone. Both the novels depict the mental and physical pain and distress of the characters which is meant to be fictional but reflects the reality of the people who are in the war zone. The quest for identity is seen in all the major and minor characters. This paper throws some light on the reasons for the war in Afghanistan and it effect on the life of the people of all age group. The psychological distress of the characters in both the novel portrays the burden of oppression of social, marital and religious norms along with the individual trauma of surviving, after the loss of their loved ones. This shows the reality on how war creates the situation of the people for a forced migration as refugees.

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 Keywords

Afghanistan, Refugees, Trauma, War.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Non-Technical Losses (NTLs), such as stealing electricity, messing with meters, making illegal connections, and billing fraud, are a big problem for modern power distribution systems because they cost a lot of money and slow things down. Old-fashioned ways of finding fraud, like manual inspections and audits based on fixed rules, don't work well, cost a lot, and can't handle the huge amounts of data that smart meters send. This paper talks about how well a Machine Learning-based Apriori Algorithm works to automatically find NTLs. The proposed system analyses three years' worth of monthly electricity usage data from about 15,000 customers. We used and compared a number of models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Deep Neural Network (DNN), Gradient Boosted Reinforcement Learning (GBRL), and Apriori-based association rule mining. Experimental results show that the Apriori-based model is more accurate, has a higher recall rate, is more precise, is more specific, and has a lower false positive rate than traditional methods. The system helps utility companies save money, run their businesses more efficiently, and make the smart grid more reliable.

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 Keywords

Non-Technical Losses, Electricity Theft, Smart Grid, Apriori Algorithm, Machine Learning, Fraud Detection, Support Vector Machine, Deep Learning

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 Abstract

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new way to network that separates the control plane from the data plane. This makes it possible to manage, program, and scale networks from one place. SDN makes networks more flexible and easier to use, but it also adds new security risks because of centralised controllers and protocol flaws. OpenFlow communication between controllers and switches is used in many current SDN deployments. This can show problems with packet processing, topology discovery, and rule installation. Traditional security methods depend on manual evaluations or reactive defences that only find threats after they have been used. This paper introduces an Automated Attack Discovery Framework for SDN Controllers employing Formal Verification methodologies. The suggested system uses math to model controllers, switches, hosts, and how they work together, and it checks security properties automatically. The framework finds possible attack paths that start from bad hosts or switches that have been hacked. Testing shows that the method works well for finding multiple vulnerabilities and attack scenarios, even ones that were not known before. The suggested method improves proactive security analysis, network reliability, and resilience in modern SDN settings.

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 Keywords

Software Defined Networking, SDN Security, OpenFlow, Formal Verification, Attack Discovery, Network Vulnerability Analysis, Cyber Security

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Blockchain technology has become a game-changing way to help the United Nations meet its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by making data sharing across many sectors more open, decentralised, trustworthy, and safe. Blockchain-based systems can be very helpful in healthcare, finance, energy, government, and supply chain management. But the fact that blockchain networks are open to everyone makes it very hard to keep private information safe when it is stored or processed on public ledgers. This paper examines the tension between transparency and privacy in blockchain-enabled Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) applications, and evaluates novel privacy-preserving methodologies including Ring Signatures, Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC), Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), and mixers. The study also looks at Zcash, Secret Network, Oasis Network, and Aleph Zero, which are next-generation blockchain platforms that use privacy-enhancing technologies. Experimental analysis demonstrates that integrating sophisticated cryptographic methods with scalable blockchain platforms can ensure confidentiality while maintaining trust and accountability. The proposed framework provides essential insights for constructing privacy-conscious blockchain ecosystems to support sustainable development initiatives.

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 Keywords

Blockchain, Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, Privacy Preservation, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Ring Signatures, Secure Multi-Party Computation, Smart Contracts

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Drug abuse in Himachal Pradesh is a growing social and health crisis, fueled by factors like peer pressure, unemployment, and easy drug accessibility, particularly affecting youth with substances like chitta and cannabis derivatives. With 27% of youth involved in substance abuse, the problem jeopardizes public health, families, and social stability. Illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium persists in many districts, with trafficking networks involving local and foreign actors. Enforcement challenges include limited manpower, poor coordination, and evolving trafficking methods, while rehabilitation facilities remain inadequate relative to need. The state has enacted stringent laws and policies, including the 2025 Drugs and Controlled Substances Bill and Organized Crimes Bill, enhancing penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Preventive strategies focus on comprehensive surveys, integrated multi-agency coordination, community awareness campaigns, economic alternatives for cultivators, and expanded rehabilitation infrastructure. The crisis demands a multi-pronged, evidence-based approach integrating law enforcement with health-oriented interventions, stakeholder engagement, data-driven policy making, and societal attitude change to provide a healthier future for Himachal Pradesh's citizens

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 Keywords

Drug abuse, Himachal Pradesh, rehabilitation, synthetic drugs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Generative Artificial Intelligence is transforming education by changing how students learn, write, and interact with academic content. This study examines its impact through a conceptual and science-mapping approach focusing on capabilities, risks, and educational transformations. The findings highlight benefits such as adaptive learning, personalized feedback, and student engagement, along with challenges including academic integrity, plagiarism, and ethical concerns. The study concludes that generative AI is a transformative force reshaping learning practices, assessment systems, and institutional responses in higher education.

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 Keywords

Generative Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Student Learning, Higher Education, Academic Integrity, Science Mapping, Educational Transformation, Large Language Models

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research paper investigates the psychological and philosophical trajectories of Marcus Brutus and Macbeth following the suicides of their wives, Portia and Lady Macbeth. Situated within the context of military conflict and the shared guilt of kin-slaying--specifically the assassination of Julius Caesar and King Duncan--this study examines the divergence between Roman Stoic indifference and existential nihilism. By synthesising textual analysis of Julius Caesar (Act 4, Scene 3) and Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 5), the paper explores how domestic collapse mirrors political ruin. It further contrasts the implications of legacy, comparing Brutus's paternal status with Macbeth's 'barren sceptre,' arguing that marital loss serves as the final catalyst for the protagonists' terminal isolation.

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 Keywords

: bereavement; nihilism; legacy; suicide

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper presents a Human Detection and Rescue Robot designed for disaster management using IoT technology. The system integrates NodeMCU (ESP8266), ESP32-CAM, gas sensor, and mmWave human detection sensor to identify victims and hazardous conditions. The ESP32-CAM provides real-time video streaming through WiFi, which can be accessed using an IP address via IDLE Python or a web browser. The robot uses a four-wheel drive system with an L298N motor driver for stable movement across uneven terrain. The proposed system improves rescue efficiency, reduces human risk, and enables real-time monitoring in disaster environments..

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human Detection, Rescue Robot, ESP8266, ESP32-CAM, IoT, Disaster Management, Wireless Monitoring

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article examines the development of climate fiction (cli-fi) as a distinct literary genre and its function as a pedagogical instrument for cultivating ecological awareness. Through close analysis of representative cli-fi works published between 2004 and 2025--including novels by Margaret Atwood, Kim Stanley Robinson, Barbara Kingsolver, and Richard Powers--and drawing on ecocritical theory, affect studies, and environmental communication research, this study identifies three principal narrative strategies: apocalyptic warnings, utopian alternatives, and realist portrayals. Each strategy serves distinct educational purposes by translating complex climate science into emotionally engaging, relatable narratives. The findings demonstrate that cli-fi's pedagogical power resides not in the transmission of information but in emotional engagement and imaginative worldbuilding. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how literary fiction shapes public environmental awareness and discusses the genre's potential and limitations as a catalyst for social and political change.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

climate fiction, cli-fi, ecocriticism, environmental literature, narrative pedagogy, ecological consciousness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition