Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

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The above literature drives home the fact that many studies done on Hassan district have touched upon various aspects and they are diverse in nature.

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Abstract Personal data is an asset or a product of high economic value. Furthermore, there is a correlation between the level of trust and the protection of specific data from personal life. In India, crimi-nals have developed as a major concern for businesses with rapidly expanding business sectors and increasing numbers of corporate fraud cases. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of criminal liability for Indian companies. In the Modern era, corporate crime has become a big-ger problem for the judiciary system as a whole. Personal data protection is not currently regu-lated by other laws, but continues to be distributed among a variety of laws and regulations. Le-gal provisions relating to the protection of personal data remain sector based. It appears that in the context of privacy, optimal and effective protection could not be provided. If you see a victim of a corporate crime for the criminal act of escaping personal data, it is very natural that the company must be responsible for all of its actions. The guilt of crime comes from the saying. Legal proverb: "Actuated Non-Fast Rium Nishi men's sitting means that their actions will not be considered illegal if they are committed in an illegal state of mind. This is the basis of criminal responsibility. These are business related crimes committed by organizations. India can learn from other countries to improve its legal system and increase the responsibility of businesses to protect its financial system. Bad regulations and gaps in India have led to famous incidents and econom-ic mistakes. The types of losses and impact of corporate crimes are felt later (of actual victims) and seen later (by potential victims). Competitive businesses, customers, and the general public are among the victims of corporate crime. This research paper examines data abuse and gaps and challenges, controversy, law, and criminal liability for data for Indian judgments.

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criminal liability,CorporateCriminalLiability,data protection

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In the study of physical quantities, the structure faces the problem of crack's presence. We use Integral equation to solve such problems. In this paper we deal with two exterior Griffth cracks which are opened by force at crack surface. Here we get the integral equations which are reduced to Fredholm integral Equations, It is easy to make exterior Griffth crack to perform the experiment. Hence the problem is of physical importance and special case of loading is discussed.

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Griffth crack, Fredholm Integral equation

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This paper presents the design and development of a web-based backtesting platform tailored to the needs of retail traders exploring algorithmic trading. The platform provides an intuitive interface for uploading or fetching historical financial data, configuring machine learning models, and simulating trading strategies with customizable parameters such as commission, slippage, and initial capital. Built using modern web technologies including React, TypeScript, and Tailwind CSS, the system integrates backend services for model training and trade simulation. It supports realistic backtesting by incorporating data preprocessing, strategy validation, and performance visualization. The platform aims to make algorithmic trading more accessible by simplifying complex workflows and promoting transparency in model evaluation. Results demonstrate the platform's responsiveness and usability, highlighting its potential for educational use and individual strategy exploration. Future work includes extending support for additional models, real-time execution, and portfolio management features to further enhance its functionality.

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algorithmic trading, backtesting platform, machine learning, web-based simulation, financial technology

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In the era of digital innovation, crowdfunding has emerged as a vital mechanism for financing projects, especially those driven by startups and individuals. However, traditional crowdfunding systems often face challenges related to fraud, lack of transparency, and delays in fund allocation. This paper proposes a blockchain-based crowdfunding system that leverages Ethereum smart contracts, decentralized storage (IPFS), and web technologies (ReactJS and NodeJS) to mitigate these issues. By employing smart contracts, the system ensures that funds are released only when predefined conditions are met, thus fostering trust and transparency among contributors. The system's architecture is designed for decentralized interactions, allowing contributors to track campaign progress, vote on expense approvals, and securely access stored documents. Our approach highlights the immense potential of blockchain in transforming crowdfunding by improving security, efficiency, and accountability.

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Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Crowdfunding, Ethereum, IPFS, ReactJS, Decentralized Applications, Transparency, Data Security

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This paper aims at presenting a new model to ease group travel by integrating the traveler and travel agency. The model works by uniting people with matching travel goals so that they can form groups effortlessly. Therefore, travel agencies can now provide specific groups with customized rental cars and travel packages. The above system tackles issues faced in conventional travel booking and increases user satisfaction while also enabling agencies to profit from it. This review details problem definition, exploration, goals, architectural design, methods used, conclusions drawn, pros, cons, and possible future of the platform.

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Group travel ,Traveler , Travel Agency , Model , Customize rental cars , travel packages , User satisfaction, Conventional travel booking , Profit , System, Flutter, App development, Community, IOS app, Android app.

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Deep learning, with its automatic learning and feature extraction, has become a key tool in agricultural plant protection, particularly for disease and pest detection. This review explores recent advancements in deep learning for crop leaf disease identification, focusing on current trends and the integration of advanced imaging techniques. We examine the benefits over manual feature selection, discuss the challenges, and aim to provide a valuable resource for researchers in plant disease and pest analysis.

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plant disease; deep learning; convolutional neural networks (CNN).

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Realizing the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for human well-being and recognizing the role of education in achieving these goals, this research paper examines the role of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) in promoting educational equity. RMSA is a Government of India initiative launched in 2009 to enhance access and improve the quality of secondary education. The study evaluates the increase in enrolment among girls, Scheduled Castes (SC), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) students at the secondary and higher secondary levels in Punjab during the implementation period of the RMSA. Due to the high validity of U-DISE (Unified District Information System for Education) data, enrolment growth has been estimated using percentage analysis of statistical data derived from this source. The findings of this study indicate that during the RMSA period in Punjab, there was a notable increase in Gross Enrolment Ratios (GERs) and a reduction in transition gaps between secondary and higher secondary levels. Enrolment also rose among gender-based categories and socially disadvantaged groups, including SC and OBC students, at both educational levels. However, the enrolment growth among girls lagged behind that of boys, highlighting persistent gender disparities. Additionally, a significant proportion of students do not transition to higher secondary education after completing secondary schooling, with dropout rates of approximately 25% for boys and 23% for girls. The situation is more severe among Scheduled Caste (SC) students, where the dropout rate reaches nearly 30%. While RMSA played a key role to the achievement of the SDGs by increasing enrolment among disadvantaged groups, it was not entirely successful to sustain gains in the Gross Enrolment Ratio and was not fully effective in ensuring the retention of all students within the education system.

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Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, Sustainable Development Goals, enrolment growth, gender disparity, Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes, Punjab.

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The paper introduces an extensive research investigation of the simulation model created for a hospital Emergency Department. The investigation was led in the Emergency Department (ED) at The Ohio State medical Center. A point by point patient stream procedure outline is created to study time delays, understanding medical procedures, assets, material streams in the framework. A simulation model was created utilizing Arena (7.0) to demonstrate the procedure stream of patients so as to investigate the ED System execution. The reaction variable in our investigation is understanding throughput. Lean Management based methodologies were proposed for improving patient throughput in Emergency Department. The lean administration methodologies center around making an incentive in framework, diminishing non worth included occasions, decrease of lines and turmoil in framework. A measurable theory testing test was led to contemplate the centrality/non essentialness of proposed procedures for execution in Emergency Department. The productivity of emergency departments (EDs) in taking care of patient floods during catastrophe times utilizing the accessible asset is significant. Numerous EDs require extra assets to defeat the bottlenecks in emergency frameworks. The supposition that will be that EDs consider the alternative of brief staff dispatching, among different choices, so as to react to an expanded interest or even the contracting incidentally non-hospital medical staff. Discrete event simulation (DES), an outstanding simulation technique and dependent on procedure demonstrating, is utilized for setting up ED tasks and the board related models. In this examination, a DES model is created to research and break down an ED under ordinary conditions and an ED in a fiasco situation which thinks about an expanded convergence of catastrophe exploited people patients. This will permit early readiness of emergency departments as far as physical and HR.

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Emergency Department, Simulation, Medical Emergency, Hospital

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3. Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose, drought-resistant perennial plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. Native to Central America, it has gained global attention due to its high oil content in seeds, which can be processed into biodiesel, making it a promising candidate for sustainable biofuel production. Apart from its energy potential, Jatropha curcas is also valued for its medicinal properties, soil erosion control, and use in traditional agroforestry systems. The plant grows in a variety of climates and soil conditions, often thriving in marginal lands where food crops struggle. However, its cultivation faces challenges such as variable oil yields, toxicity of certain plant parts, and the need for agronomic improvements. Ongoing research focuses on genetic improvement, pest and disease management, and enhancing oil extraction techniques to make Jatropha curcas a viable crop for green energy and rural development.

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Jatropha curcas, Burn Healing, Wound, Cream, Boa-Active , Excipients , Skin , Irritation.

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