Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

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ALL GOVT EXAM PREPARTION FOR STUDENT .

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HINDI MEDIUM GENERAL KNOWELDGE

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Behavioural psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and analysis of observable behaviour. It examines how behaviour is learned, shaped, and modified through external stimuli, reinforcement, and conditioning. This field has significantly influenced psychological thought over the years, leading to extensive research on various topics, including the long-term effects of childhood trauma, the development of habits, and the impact of behavioural patterns on mental health. Additionally, behavioural psychology plays a crucial role in understanding and addressing everyday challenges such as aging, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. By applying behavioural principles, psychologists have developed effective therapeutic approaches to modify dysfunctional behaviour and promote healthier patterns of thinking and acting. The four main sub-disciplines of behavioural psychology include Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), Behaviour Modification, Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT). These approaches are widely used in therapeutic settings to treat psychological disorders, improve learning outcomes, and enhance overall well-being. This paper explores the fundamental principles of behavioural psychology, its historical evolution, various techniques, and its practical significance in different aspects of life. While much progress has been made in this field, further research is necessary to deepen our understanding of behavioural patterns and refine intervention strategies for better psychological well-being.

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John. B. Watson, Behaviourism, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Classical, Operant, Habit Formation, Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, Applied Behaviour Analysis, Psychological Disorders, Stimulus-Response Theory

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The shift toward digital learning has exposed critical limitations in traditional online education, particularly in fostering interaction and reducing student isolation. This paper addresses the limitations of traditional online learning tools in fostering engagement and reducing student isolation by proposing a 2D metaverse platform for virtual classrooms. This web-based platform utilizes spatially aware environments, avatar-based navigation, and proximity-based communication to create an immersive and interactive learning experience. Preliminary evaluations suggest improved engagement and collaboration compared to conventional video conferencing. The paper also discusses the platform's architecture, key challenges like latency and accessibility, and future research directions, highlighting the potential of low-dimensional metaverses to democratize virtual education.

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Metaverse, immersive learning, peer-to-peer, scalability, real-time communication, proximity-based communication

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Post-operative scars often lead to complications such as pain, restricted mobility, and poor tissue compliance, which can negatively impact a patient's physical function and quality of life. Manual therapy interventions, including scar massage, mobilization, dry needling, kinesiology taping, and cupping therapy, have been increasingly used to address these issues. This narrative review explores the current evidence supporting the use of manual therapy techniques in post-operative scar management. The current review aims to highlights effectiveness of these methods in enhancing tissue mobility, reducing adhesions, improving scar quality, and contributing to better patient outcomes.

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Post-operative scars, Manual therapy, Scar mobilization, Dry needling, Kinesiology taping, Cupping therapy

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In the field of cybersecurity, efficient reconnaissance and enumeration processes are vital for identifying potential vulnerabilities in target systems. This paper presents an innovative, automated CLI tool designed to streamline recon and enumeration tasks for cybersecurity professionals and vulnerability assessment teams. The tool integrates essential functionalities such as DNS lookups, reverse DNS, subdomain enumeration, zone transfer testing, web crawling, and sensitive data scanning, including API key and credential detection from popular services like MongoDB, AWS, and Google Cloud. With a user-centric interface and automation-focused design, our tool enhances the speed, accuracy, and depth of information gathering required for effective Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT). Extensive testing on real-world systems demonstrated that our solution effectively reduces the manual effort associated with reconnaissance tasks, while providing comprehensive data to support thorough security assessments.

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Gender, Reconnaissance, Enumeration, Cybersecurity, Vulnerability Assessment, Web Security.

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The PIET Maintenance Web App is a web-based complaint management system designed to streamline the process of reporting, tracking, and resolving infrastructure-related issues within educational institutions. Developed specifically for the PIET, the system provides role-based access to students, teachers, and maintenance staff, ensuring each user interacts with a personalized dashboard tailored to their responsibilities. The application allows users to submit maintenance complaints with detailed descriptions and optional image attachments, categorizing issues such as plumbing, electrical, and cleanliness. These complaints are stored in a centralized database via secure backend APIs, enabling real-time status updates and efficient data management. The maintenance team can view all complaints, apply filters by type, status, and date, and update complaint statuses from 'Pending' to 'In Progress' or 'Resolved'. The system architecture integrates a responsive frontend developed using modern web technologies with a Node.js and Express-based backend. MongoDB is used as the database to manage structured complaint data, while image uploads are handled through cloud storage. This web-based platform enhances transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency in campus facility management, eliminating the drawbacks of manual complaint handling. The PIET Maintenance Web App offers scalability, portability, and ease of use, making it a practical and replicable solution for colleges, hostels, and other institutional facilities requiring structured infrastructure maintenance workflows.

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Complaint Management System, Infrastructure Maintenance, Role-Based Access, Web Application, Node.js and MongoDB, Real-Time Status Tracking, Educational Institutions

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One of the cornerstones of India's democratic system is the Panchayat Raj System (PRS), which aims to decentralize power and strengthen rural government. But in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), administrative hurdles, political unrest, and armed strife have all made its execution difficult. Historical, political, and socioeconomic variables have molded Jammu and Kashmir's (J&K) Panchayat Raj System (PRS), which has experienced substantial changes. Key legal changes, governance obstacles, and recurring issues such as security risks, bureaucratic inefficiency, political resistance, financial dependency, etc. are examined in this article, which traces the evolution of PRS in Kashmir from its foundation, specifically from 1935 to 2019. With the repeal of Article 370 in 2019, the Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 2021 was introduced, bringing J&K within the national Panchayati Raj structure. Beginning under Dogra control and continuing until the Central Government repealed Art 370 of the Constitution in 2019, this historical endeavor seeks to depict the growth of the Panchayat Raj System in Kashmir.

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Decentralisation, Grassroots , Supersession, Council, Halqa

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Secondary metabolites not only perform important roles in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defense but also utilized by mankind as medicines, flavorings, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances, colors, biopesticides, food additives and drugs. Most of the drugs sold today are mere synthetic alterations of the naturally derived substances. The increasing commercial status of secondary metabolites in the past decade has meant much interest in secondary metabolism. Various strategies have been researched widely with the aim of enhancing the yield of secondary metabolites in plants. From this spotlight, the intention of the current review is to investigate the use of plant growth regulators towards the yield of certain critical plant secondary metabolites. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are applied to induce production of secondary metabolites in plants by playing the role of "elicitors," more or less eliciting a stress reaction in the plant, and so inducing biosynthesis of the special compounds that often act as protective mechanisms against stressors from the environment; this is made possible through alteration of the plant's hormonal status, specifically under controlled conditions such as tissue culture, in order to maximize production of sought-after secondary metabolites of interest due to potential pharmacological or economic value.

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Secondary Metabolite Auxins, Cytokinins, Salicyclic Acid, Ethylene.

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This research investigates the influence of athlete endorsements on brand equity and financial performance within India's athletic retail market. Based on survey responses from a demographically diverse population, the study finds that cultural relatability, credibility, and long-term engagement play crucial roles in shaping consumer loyalty and purchasing behavior.

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Athlete Endorsements, Indian Retail Sector, Consumer Behavior, Brand Equity, Sports Marketing

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This research presents a self-supervised learning pipeline leveraging contrastive learning to pretrain models on large, unlabeled datasets for zero-shot classification tasks across diverse domains. The methodology focuses on capturing generalizable features by training models to distinguish between augmented views of data instances, optimizing performance through hyperparameter tuning and advanced training techniques. The pretrained models are evaluated on zero-shot classification benchmarks, demonstrating their ability to classify unseen categories without task-specific supervision. Validation is conducted using standard datasets, assessing accuracy and robustness in general and specialized contexts. The study further explores real-world applications, including medical image classification and anomaly detection, highlighting the pipeline's potential to address challenges where labeled data is scarce. Results indicate that the approach achieves competitive performance, offering a scalable and efficient alternative to supervised methods. Limitations, such as domain-specific generalization and computational demands, are acknowledged, with future directions proposed to enhance semantic alignment and broaden applicability. This work contributes to the advancement of self-supervised learning, providing a framework for leveraging unlabeled data in flexible, real-world AI systems

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Heart Disease, Machine Learning, Random Forest, KNN, Digital Health Solutions, Cardiovascular Diseases

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