Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Herbal plants have been used for their therapeutic properties, and inhibiting the growth of bacteria has gained scientific interest in recent years. They're exploring natural sources, especially medicinal plants, as potential antimicrobial agents. These plants have played a crucial role in traditional medicine practices such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Chinese medicine, especially when it comes to treating infections from various diseases. Regarding their antimicrobial properties, compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids play a crucial role. Medicinal plants have been used for their extracts to fight off bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compounds derived from these plants can effectively target pathogenic fungi, impacting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Ghosh et al., 2022). The reviews cover the antimicrobial properties of 10 specific plants: Mikania glomerata, Saraca asoca, Lantana camara, Vachellia nilotica, Cassia fistula, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale, and Aloe barbadensis. Bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids contribute to these antimicrobial effects. The reviews also delve into the phytochemicals involved, their mechanisms of action, and their applications in treating microbial infections.

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Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Antifungal, medicinal plant, Minimum Inhibitory concentration, Natural antibiotic, and Herbal medicine.

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Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (white cabbage) is a valuable vegetable with diverse nutraceutical benefit. Brassica phytochemicals exert a broad spectrum of health-promoting activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of a cauliflower leaf powder (CLP)-enriched diet to prevent inflammation. This study highlights the potential utility of these compounds in the prevention or amelioration of chronic inflammatory diseases and encourage studies to identify selected member of Brassicaceae family able to provide the right quota of bioactive compounds to be included in dietary intervention. Brassica vegetables have also anti-inflamatory activity that has been known from a long time ago and have been used to different irritations of the human body. While the specific modes of action have not yet been defined, phytochemical research and pharmacological experiments performed over the past few decades on white cabbage juice or extract offer fair evidence for its numerous conventional uses. Study on the phytochemicals of white cabbage has been based on the well-known health promotion of components such as glucosinolates, polyphenols, and various vitamins correlated with anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

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anti-inflammatory; Brassica oleracea, cabbage, herbal ointment, inflammation, Isothiocyanate, Anthocyanin.

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Although sectarian conflict and political division are frequently used to analyze the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the influence of oil politics on the conflict is a lesser-known but no less fascinating aspect. Lebanon's strategic location near oil-rich neighbors and transit routes drew regional and global powers into its civil war. Emerging offshore oil prospects and control over fuel supplies became tools of influence for militias and political elites, deepening sectarian divides and worsening tensions. Regional actors like Syria, Iran, and Saudi Arabia funded factions to advance their agendas, while Cold War superpowers intervened to protect energy interests. This fusion of local conflict and global oil politics prolonged the war and obstructed peace efforts, highlighting how resource competition can intensify instability in geopolitically sensitive regions like Lebanon.

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Middle East geopolitics, Oil Politics, Energy security, Lebanon's sectarian divisions, regional power struggles.

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Particularly in marginalized communities, and proposes global strategies to increase education's empowering potential. Education is a powerful tool for empowerment. It is a fundamental human right with implications for an individual's future. Education plays a catalytic role in the socio-economic development of a nation. It enables the upliftment and transformation of a society by empowering weaker sections to take hold of their circumstances, overcome limitations, and change their life for the better. Education has acquired a place of importance in the development agenda of India. India has toiled to increase its literacy rate from approximately 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2011 (GoI 2011). While there has been a surge in the rate of literacy, it is pertinent to note that opportunities for both education and development have not been distributed evenly across the country. While education enables the oppressed to get empowered and overcome inequalities in society, the process of education has by itself internalised some of these inequalities, thereby reinforcing and reproducing them (Bourdieu and Passeron 1977). Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So that we can't neglect the importance of education in reference to women empowerment and India poised to becoming superpower in recent years. The following strategies can help promote educational empowerment: improve education quality, invest in teacher training, curriculum development, and resources. Schools must create a learning environment that encourages critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.

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Education for empowerment, development Deferent Categories, development of people.

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As immersive technology continues to evolve, its impact on fields like tourism, education, and environmental awareness has become increasingly significant. Terraverse is a Unity-powered simulation project designed to replicate the experience of exploring a national park--virtually. By combining realistic terrain modeling, interactive 3D animal animations, and educational AR pop-ups, the project offers an innovative approach to digital nature exploration. Its goal is not only to entertain but also to educate users about biodiversity and environmental conservation through a highly immersive platform. Virtual tourism has been recognized as a sustainable and inclusive alternative to traditional travel, particularly when physical access is limited [1][9]. Building upon this, Terraverse uses geospatial data to construct accurate landscapes, making the virtual experience grounded in real-world topography [3] [10]. Users can navigate these digital parks using first-person controls or experience them through immersive VR and AR perspectives. As studies have shown, VR enhances emotional and sensory engagement in tourism [2], while AR significantly improves interactive learning and retention [7] [8]. It showcases how emerging digital tools can preserve heritage, promote conservation, and deliver accessible educational experiences--especially for those disconnected from the natural world [12][13].

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Tourism, Augmented Reality , Digital Heritage, Virtual Reality , 3D Simulation, Unity Game Engine, Environmental Education, 3D Simulation

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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are fundamental for protecting innovative and creative outputs; however, conflicts concerning ownership, infringement, and licensing frequently present intricate and costly challenges. While litigation has historically been the dominant method for dispute resolution, arbitration has increasingly emerged as a favoured alternative due to its efficiency, confidentiality, and international enforceability. This paper examines the advantages offered by arbitration over traditional litigation in the context of IPR disputes, including the ability to select expert arbitrators for informed decisions on technical matters such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights. The arbitration process generally offers a faster and more cost-effective route than traditional litigation, thereby minimizing disruptions to business operations. Furthermore, arbitration ensures confidentiality, a particularly crucial aspect for safeguarding trade secrets and proprietary technologies. Its enforceability under international treaties like the New York Convention (1958) makes it particularly well-suited for resolving cross-border disputes. Despite these benefits, arbitration in IPR disputes faces certain challenges. Some jurisdictions impose restrictions on the arbitrability of patent validity disputes, necessitating court adjudication. Enforcement issues can arise when courts decline to recognize arbitral awards based on public policy concerns. The absence of binding precedents in arbitration can lead to inconsistent outcomes and legal uncertainty. Additionally, high costs in complex cases may deter smaller enterprises from choosing arbitration. To enhance the role of arbitration in IPR disputes, legislative reforms are essential to clarify arbitrability and improve enforcement mechanisms. The establishment of specialized IPR arbitration tribunals and the promotion of arbitration clauses in IPR agreements can foster greater consistency. Technological advancements, such as Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), blockchain for IP verification, and AI-driven arbitration, present further opportunities to enhance efficiency. Global trends indicate a growing acceptance of arbitration, particularly in regions like the United States and the European Union, although some areas remain cautious. With ongoing reforms and enhanced international cooperation, arbitration holds significant potential to become the primary method for resolving IPR disputes, ensuring timely, equitable, and effective protection of intellectual property in the digital age.

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Arbitration

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The Indian Ocean is witnessing a significant rise in militarization as both regional and global powers intensify their strategic engagement in the area. China's "String of Pearls" initiative, India's expanding maritime capabilities, and the United States' efforts to uphold freedom of navigation reflect broader geopolitical ambitions. The establishment of military facilities in locations such as Djibouti, the Seychelles, and the Maldives underscores the strategic importance of the region. This study investigates the underlying motivations driving these developments and assesses their potential impact on regional order. However, it remains uncertain--does this escalating military footprint signal enhanced security or a looming contest for dominance.

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Indian Ocean, Militarization, Naval power

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This study examines the similarities and differences between the UAE's Vision 2030 and India's oil diplomacy, two crucial factors affecting the world's energy scenario in the twenty-first century. India, one of the biggest oil users in the world, has made energy security a top priority in its foreign policy, especially when it comes to fortifying its relations with oil-rich countries like the United Arab Emirates. India needs a steady and varied supply of energy to meet its expanding needs and its goals for renewable energy, which makes the UAE an essential partner in this respect. By diversifying its economy into industries like renewable energy, technology, and infrastructure, the UAE, on the other hand, hopes to lessen its reliance on oil and move toward a sustainable and inventive future. This paper examines how India's energy requirements and the UAE's economic change are complimentary, emphasizing the ways in which the two countries may work together on projects including infrastructure development, oil commerce, and collaborative renewable energy initiatives. The study looks at their energy partnership's past and present, with a particular emphasis on strategic agreements and projects related to oil production, exploration, and refining. Along with identifying obstacles like regional geopolitical instability, the changing global energy market, and the intricate transition to renewable energy sources, it also explores possible synergies that could be achieved, especially in technology transfer, renewable energy projects, and strategic oil reserves. These elements may make future collaboration between the two nations more difficult. The paper makes an argument that, in spite of these obstacles, India and the United Arab Emirates have a great deal of potential to strengthen their energy relations and accomplish their shared objectives of sustainable development and energy security. Both countries can improve bilateral ties and help create a more robust and diverse global energy system by overcoming these obstacles and utilizing their unique assets. The study sheds light on how the UAE's Vision 2030 and India's oil diplomacy may work together to forge a framework for sustained cooperation in a constantly evolving energy environment.

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India, UAE, Energy, Cooperation, Challenges

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A birds'-eye-view of some of the factors contributing to rasa in the performance of Kathakali has been presented with typical examples for different rasas such as ???g?ra, h?sya, karu?a, raudra, v?ra, bhay?naka, b?bhatsa, and adbhuta. An overview of various rasa-d???is, abhinayas and other factors in Kathakali, evoking rasa in the sah?dayas (spectators) have been touched upon briefly.

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Ras?bhinaya, Kathakali, ???akkatha, sah?dayas

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The success of project largely depends on proper dispersal system of traffic on either side of MTHL. Therefore, it is very necessary to have a proper dispersal system from the proposed MTHL with the existing road network in the vicinity and connectivity with Mumbai-Pune Expressway. Hence, it is proposed to provide a smooth dispersal system from MTHL road to Mumbai-Pune Expressway. The MTHL road ends at Chirle Junction on NH-348 and there is heavy traffic on NH-348, especially of multi axle container trucks due to JNPT port, hence it is necessary to merge the MTHL traffic smoothly without causing traffic jam either on MTHL or on NH 348.

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traffic analysis

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