Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

The increasing demand for safer, natural alternatives to synthetic pain relievers has led to the development of herbal-based topical formulations. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal analgesic gel incorporating plant-derived ingredients known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties--namely menthol, ginger extract, curcumin, capsicum extract, neem extract, and lavender oil. Three gel formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared with varying concentrations and evaluated for parameters such as pH, appearance, spreadability, washability, and user acceptability. Among them, Formulation F2 demonstrated optimal properties, including smooth texture, excellent spreadability, and ease of washing. The gel showed pH values within the skin-friendly range (5.5-6.2) and exhibited no signs of skin irritation, making it suitable for topical application. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of herbal ingredients in delivering effective pain relief with minimal side effects and support the ongoing shift toward plant-based, sustainable healthcare solutions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

The increasing demand for safer, natural alternatives to synthetic pain relievers has led to the development of herbal-based topical formulations. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal analgesic gel incorporating plant-derived ingredients known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties--namely menthol, ginger extract, curcumin, capsicum extract, neem extract, and lavender oil. Three gel formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared with varying concentrations

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The issue of party autonomy in Arbitration has always been a burning issue in respect of Arbitrator Appointments. The arbitrator appointments in particular requires a balancing with the other cornerstone of arbitration which is neutrality because party autonomy is essential to arbitration in essence as opposed to not being able to choose your judge, parties can agree to choose an arbitration panel that decides disputes between them in advance by voluntary agreements and, that agreement should generally be respected that is the principle of Party Autonomy. But what if the parties makes a Faustian pact for instance, what if they agree that one of the parties itself will Arbitrate the dispute or an employee of one of the parties or a relative of them so the question lies here is that to what extent are we willing to take the concept of Party Autonomy and at some point it hits the wall of Neutrality which is essential to any process of Dispute Resolution. Therefor the issue in any jurisdiction where Arbitration is practiced is with that how you balance party autonomy against Neutrality. The other reason one has to balance is that in many cases party autonomy is apparent but illusory. Where sometimes the provision for selecting an Arbitration Panel is take it or leave it provision and that is not the product of real genuine party autonomy so, that is the second reason why we are concerned about preserving the neutrality in the appointment of Arbitrators. The main reason of comparing these two countries that how long of a gap we have even in a small matter like appointment of an Arbitrator in India we still have a long way to go.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

PARTY AUTONOMY, NEUTRALITY, APPOINTMENT, ARBITRATORS

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

E-learning has emerged as a transformative force in teacher education, offering flexible, accessible, and cost-effective pathways for professional growth. By leveraging digital tools such as learning management systems, virtual classrooms, and multimedia content, e-learning equips future educators with technological proficiency and pedagogical adaptability essential for 21st-century classrooms. It promotes lifelong learning, fosters global perspectives, and enables personalized learning experiences. However, integrating e-learning into teacher education presents numerous challenges that hinder its effectiveness and equity. The digital divide remains a major barrier, particularly in rural and underprivileged areas where access to devices and stable internet is limited. Many pre-service and in-service teachers lack the technological skills required to effectively navigate digital platforms, while others face engagement issues due to the absence of face-to-face interaction. Additionally, concerns persist around the quality and relevance of e-learning content, assessment methods, and institutional resistance to digital transformation. Mental health implications and lack of inclusivity for differently-abled learners further complicate the landscape. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving improved infrastructure, targeted training programs, inclusive design, localized content, and innovative assessment strategies. Institutions must also prioritize well-being and build a supportive digital ecosystem. As education systems evolve, a collaborative effort among policymakers, educators, and technology providers is essential to harness the full potential of e-learning in teacher education. When implemented effectively, e-learning can serve not only as a bridge to digital literacy but also as a cornerstone of resilient and future-ready teacher preparation programs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: E-learning, Teacher Education, Digital Divide, Technological Proficiency, Pedagogical Adaptability, Virtual Classrooms, Engagement, Institutional Resistance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Psychological well-being of individuals is the need for today. Young adulthood demands good psychological well-being to educational attainment, career and personal success. Psychological Well-being is the experience of happiness, health, and prosperity that includes having good mental health, high life satisfaction, a sense of meaning or purpose, and the ability to manage stress. The World Health Organization defining it as a state of mind where an individual is able to develop their potential, work productively, and cope with normal stresses of life. In general, Psychological well-being has considered as crucial for comprehensive health and happiness and has been linked to improved mental health, better physical health, and longer life expectancy. Well-being comprises six components that deal individual's psychological health. The well-being of students in higher education is under more attention. Students' age in full time higher education generally ranges between 17-24 years. This is also the critical age for the onset of psychological problems. Studies report that a substantial number of students in higher education are dealing with well-being issues such as psychological and emotional distress, feelings of anxiety and depression, and an increased risk of burnout. There are many reliable and valid psychological tools. These are often used to quick and simple measure of psychological well-being. This is a short study attempts to gain theoretical knowledge about psychological well-being and knowledge of the various studies conducted in the area of psychological well-being.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Psychological well-being, undergraduate, postgraduate, college, students, components, academic performance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Oral hygiene plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and the use of mouthwash is an important adjunct to regular brushing and flossing. However, concerns about the long-term effects of chemical-based mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine, including staining, altered taste sensation and mucosal irritation have led to a growing interest in herbal alternatives. This research aims to formulate and evaluate a natural, alcohol-free herbal mouthwash using traditional medicinal plants with known oral health benefits. The selected herbs Azadirachta indica (neem), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Salvadora persica (miswak) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) were chosen based on their proven antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal mouthwash, oral hygiene, natural antimicrobials, phytotherapy, medicinal plants, Azadirachta indica (neem), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Salvadora persica (miswak).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Living plants can yield electricity by creating an interaction between the plant and plus two distinct metals. It offers a green way to gather energy from readily available sources, therefore it has significant promise for sustainable energy production. Previous research has demonstrated that the mechanism of energy creation is attributed to the electrochemistry process. This study models and illustrates the behavior of the ions flow in the electrodes-plant system. Zn-Cu electrodes and aloe vera were utilized in an energy harvesting device for this purpose, with the electrodes submerged in the aloe vera leaf. Zinc atom oxidations were thought to happen during the energy harvesting process when an outside force is linked between the two electrodes. The zinc electrode lost 3.2 mg of mass during the course of the 72-hour harvesting operation, compared to the electrochemistry forecast of 0.0853 mg with a 1MOhm load. Nevertheless, while utilizing a lower load resistor (1kOhm), the zinc's observed mass loss grew to 6.7 mg as opposed to the 4.0452 mg estimate. This indicates that efficiency increases with lower load resistances--60.4% for 1kOhm and 2.67% for 1MOhm. This demonstrates how the load attached to the system affects the electrochemistry process. This discovery enhances our comprehension of the system's energy generating mechanism. Elektronik harus bisa diperlengkapi oleh tumbuhan hidup dengan memberi tindakbalas di antara tumbuhan dengan berbagaian logam yang berbeza. This keddah has a high potential for tenaga mampan owing to the tenaga's electronic Jana. This challenge is based on using cutting-edge technology from a resurgent punch. Researchers eventually come to the conclusion that the successful Tenaga penjanaan mechanism is the result of the electrochemical process. In this work report, the characteristics of the ion transduction system are modelled and illustrated. For this purpose, the algae-feeding system consists of Zn-Cu electrolyte and aloe vera leaves that have been soaked in water. It is hypothesized that during the penuaian tenaga process, ia penyaksidaan adalah pada atom zink sebagaimana beban disambungkan di antara dua elektrod berkenaan. In the 72-hour penuaian process, the zinc electrode experienced a zinc loss of around 3.2 mg, in comparison to the zinc loss of 0.0853 mg when 1 M? was used. For more sensitive readers (1k), Jusim pengurangan diukur meningkat kepada 6.7 mg, terhadap sebagaimana ramalan iaitu sebanyak 4.0452 mg. This indicates that the system's capacity increases when more highly productive resources are used, specifically 60.4% for 1kOhm compared to only 2.67% for 1M?. This indicates that the electrochemical process is hampered by a Beban printing that malfunctions within the system. The entire study improves understanding of the tenaga penghasilan mechanism in the system.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Living plants, Electricity generation, Zn-Cu electrodes, Aloe vera, Electrochemical process, Ion flow, Energy harvesting, Sustainable energy, Zinc oxidation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapidly evolving global landscape demands a reimagination of higher education to address emerging societal needs. As India aims to become a $5 trillion economy by 2027, as outlined by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his address in 2019, the country's higher education system must evolve to meet the demands of this ambitious economic growth target. This vision is central to India's long-term economic strategy and underscores the importance of a skilled, knowledgeable workforce capable of driving the nation's development (Government of India, 2019), the education system must align with these ambitions. Traditional higher education institutions often struggle to produce graduates equipped with the skills and competencies needed for a dynamic job market. This paper explores the challenges of outdated curricula, limited interdisciplinarity, and inequitable access in Indian higher education. It emphasizes integrating technology, promoting lifelong learning, and addressing sustainability to meet the demands of the 21st century. By analyzing the Indian context, highlighting successful initiatives, and proposing actionable reforms, this study provides a roadmap for transforming higher education to support both national and global goals.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Higher Education, Curriculum Reform, Industry-Academia Collaboration, Technological Integration, Sustainability, Educational Transformation, Accessibility and Equity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the modern digital ecosystem, USB flash drives remain indispensable for data portability, yet they also pose significant cybersecurity threats due to their vulnerability to malware injection and covert data exfiltration. Traditional defense mechanisms, such as antivirus software and access control policies, often rely on static or signature-based methods that fail to detect zero-day or polymorphic attacks. Additionally, manual backup solutions and weak endpoint protections increase the risk of irreversible data loss and unauthorized access. This paper introduces spyUSB, a multi-layered security framework designed to protect USB devices through the integration of machine learning, secure data masking, and cloud-based recovery mechanisms. At its core is spyNet, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) trained to classify malicious file behaviors in real time. Complementing this is CloudConceal, a secure cloud backup module that encrypts and preserves critical files, and a tokenization-based data masking system that obfuscates sensitive content to prevent exploitation. spyUSB also features real-time alerting, behavioral monitoring, and a dual-interface design for administrators and end-users. The system was evaluated in real-world scenarios, achieving a malware detection accuracy of 96%, with 100% success in automated data backup and recovery. By addressing prevention, detection, and recovery in a unified solution, spyUSB significantly enhances endpoint resilience against USB-borne threats and is adaptable to both individual and enterprise-level deployments.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

USB Security, Malware Detection, Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Data Masking, Cloud Backup, Real-Time Threat Monitoring, Tokenization, Portable Storage Protection, AI in Cybersecurity, Endpoint Security

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Personality Traits, Academic Motivation, Academic Performance, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Emotional Stability, Higher Education, College Students, Big Five Model, Student Engagement, Learning Behaviour, Psychological Resilience, Academic Achievement, Educational Psychology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A 3D car racing adventure game in Unity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

3D car modeling, Game Mechanics, User Interface, Environment Design

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition