Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

This paper examines how The Vegetarian by Han Kang articulates the psychological and embodied consequences of trauma through its protagonist, Yeong-hye, whose abrupt refusal to eat meat serves as both a personal act of resistance and a manifestation of unresolved psychological wounds. Drawing on foundational and contemporary trauma studies, feminist theory, postcolonial criticism, and affect theory, this study analyzes how the novel presents trauma as an experience that resists coherence, manifesting through fragmented memory, bodily withdrawal, and intergenerational transmission of suffering. The paper explores how Han Kang's lyrical yet disjointed prose reflects the destabilizing effects of traumatic memory-not only for Yeong-hye but also for her family members, whose recollections are marked by denial, shame, and repression. Employing the theoretical concept of the irrepresentability of traumatic experience as articulated by Cathy Caruth, and extending this framework through Judith Butler's theory of precarious life, Sara Ahmed's affective economies of shame, and Marianne Hirsch's postmemory, this paper argues that The Vegetarian is not merely a case study in individual pathology but a structural critique of patriarchal, familial, and national systems that produce, sustain, and silence traumatized subjects. Through this lens, The Vegetarian emerges as a powerful contribution to trauma studies, interrogating how violent personal and collective histories linger in the psyche, disrupt identity, and challenge the boundaries of empathy and understanding within familial and social structures.

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 Keywords

Trauma studies, fragmented memory, postmemory, intergenerational violence, somatic trauma, feminist theory, Han Kang, Korean literature, affect theory, precarious life

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Jesmyn Ward's Let Us Descend (2023) narrates the story of Annis, a young enslaved woman whose journey from North Carolina to the sugar plantations of New Orleans becomes a profound reckoning with loss, lineage, and the making of a self. Maternal guidance is the way a mother prepares her child for life. It is not just giving advice or instructions; it is about everything a mother does to equip her child for the world. This article examines how maternal guidance is transmitted through Sasha's warrior training, tender touch, bedtime stories, and fierce protective gaze, which have become the deepest resource Annis carried into captivity. Inherited resilience is the strength a person carries forward from the people who raised them. Sasha rooted Annis not in the degrading conditions of slavery but in a matrilineal warrior tradition that preceded it. When Sasha was violently taken away, her absence did not hollow her daughter out; it armed her instead. Annis measured every woman she encountered against the mother she had lost, and found the mother's lessons surfacing in her memory. The spectral presence of the ancestral spirit Aza further deepened this inheritance, connecting Annis to a lineage of Black women's endurance that no enslaver can reach or erase. The creation of the self is the process of becoming truly your own person. This article traces Annis's arc from a child held in her mother's hands to a woman who becomes her own instrument of survival. Ward presents maternal love not as mere comfort, but as a form of radical preparation that made Annis create a world of her own making.

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 Keywords

maternal guidance, Black motherhood, enslaved woman, warrior lineage, body memory, self-making, matrilineal inheritance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper examines the transformation of gaze politics in contemporary Indian screen narratives through a comparative analysis of Ayali (Tamil web series), M?ahanati (Telugu), Kumbalangi? Nights (Malayalam), and Lipstick? Under? My Burkha (Hindi). Drawing upon feminist? film theory,? particularly Laura Mulvey's concept of the male gaze, and extending it through intersectional and postcolonial frameworks, the study interrogates how female bodies are represented, visualized, and experienced? across different? cinematic cultures?. While Hindi cinema often negotiates between objectification and agency, regional cinemas increasingly foreground embodied subjectivity and ethical spectatorship. Through detailed scene-level analysis, this paper? argues that Indian visual culture is shifting from fragmented representations of women toward experiential and empathetic? modes of seeing, thereby redefining the? politics of spectatorship.

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 Keywords

Male gaze, Feminist Film Theory, Spectatorship, Gender Performativity, Visual? Culture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hand hygiene constitutes the most fundamental measure to break the transmission pathways of pathogenic microorganisms and minimize the incidence of community and healthcare-associated infectious outbreaks [1, 2]. Although modern chemical hand cleansers show significant microbicidal potency, their chronic application frequently causes dermatological issues including dry skin, severe contact irritation, epidermal cracking, and a shift in localized microflora patterns [7, 15]. Furthermore, the persistent overuse of synthetic antimicrobial compounds fuels the selection pressure driving antibiotic mutation pathways [19]. To mitigate these risks, topical formulation research focuses heavily on plant-derived alternatives [9, 13]. This review systematically evaluates liquid hand hygiene washes containing neem (Azadirachta indica) extract as the primary functional component [2, 20]. We analyze the extraction parameters, pharmaceutical compounding profiles, and comparative quality control data--including pH rheology, foam height indices, and physical stability attributes [9, 24]. Additionally, the in-vitro zone of inhibition studies against common cutaneous isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are evaluated [11, 15], establishing a reliable, non-toxic, and reproducible framework for natural hand sanitation products.

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 Keywords

Review, Herbal Handwash, Neem Extract, Azadirachta indica, Compounding Standards, Evaluation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Polymeric micelles have emerged as an extraordinary class of supramolecular nanocarriers that successfully bridge the gap between highly challenging biopharmaceutical candidates and effective clinical treatment workflows. Composed of self-assembled amphiphilic copolymers, these unique systems possess an optimized core-shell spatial architecture that sequesters poorly water-soluble therapeutics within an isolated hydrophobic core while projecting a highly hydrated, biocompatible corona into aqueous continuous domains. This comprehensive review delivers an extensive, highly granular analysis of the architectural variables, thermodynamics, engineering principles, and translational trajectories governing contemporary micellar delivery structures. We critically trace the historical progression from baseline preparation methodologies including direct dissolution, dialysis co-solvent extraction, emulsification-evaporation, and traditional thin-film hydration to next-generation scalable platforms powered by automated microfluidic continuous systems, supercritical fluid extractions, PEG-assisted plasticizer-driven self-assemblies, and localized multi-stimuli responsive dynamic orientations. Furthermore, this treatise presents structural comparative inventories detailing exactly how these assembly pathways dictate critical quality attributes such as average size windows, polydispersity metrics, absolute loading contents, and dilution colloidal stability across target oncology, anti- infective, and chronic anti-inflammatory domains. Finally, robust implementation guidelines under Quality-by- Design paradigms and process analytical frameworks are delineated to successfully overcome manufacturing bottlenecks, ensuring a clear path toward regulatory approval and real-world industrial scale-up.

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 Keywords

polymeric micelles; amphiphilic block copolymers; critical micelle concentration; drug delivery systems; microfluidics; PEG-assisted assembly; clinical translation; nanomanufacturing scalability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Worldwide, Small Scale Industries (SSI) are being recognized for their contribution to employment, innovation and economic dynamism. In the Indian context, SSI units are having the responsibility of generating need-based employment, providing an extensive range of products, encouraging exports and helping in national income. Taking into consideration employment generation this paper seeks to explore the distribution of Small Scale Industries and their contributions in employment generation particularly in Sambalpur District and Odisha in general.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Small Scale Industries (SSI), Employment Generation, Sambalpur District.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nutraceutical herbal gummies represent a modern advancement in functional food science, offering an effective and patient-friendly system for delivering natural health benefits. Traditional therapeutic formats such as standard tablets and hard capsules frequently present compliance hurdles, particularly for individuals dealing with swallowing difficulties. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of specialized gummy matrices optimized with targeted botanical extracts to address critical areas of preventative human health. We investigate anti-diabetic formulations employing paneer doda and gymnema leaf extracts to support glycemic balance; pediatric health systems utilizing small cardamom, large cardamom, and ginger extracts to assist metabolic and respiratory physiological functions; fiber-dense fruit configurations designed for gastrointestinal wellness; neural matrices enriched with lutein and zeaxanthin crystals to filter high-energy blue light and counter macular degeneration; and psychotropic herbal blends designed for stress and anxiety regulation. Furthermore, we examine key technical considerations in hydrocolloid processing, such as organoleptic taste optimization, thermal preservation of sensitive bioactives, and the stabilization of gel structures against surface syneresis. These insights demonstrate that chewable hydrocolloid architectures can serve as reliable, standardized tools within modern preventative healthcare.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nutraceuticals, Herbal Gummies, Health Benefits, Hydrocolloids, Gelatin, Pectin, Bioavailability, Quality Control.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The current research explores the sustainable tourism development in Sundarbans with specific attention to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural components. The Sundarbans is the biggest mangrove environment in the world and is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site of huge ecological and tourist importance. The report highlights the current state of tourist development, the involvement of local communities, government efforts, eco-tourism practices and the barriers to sustainability in the area.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sustainable Tourism, Eco-tourism, Sundarbans, Biodiversity Conservation, Climate Change, Community Participation, Environmental Sustainability, Tourism Development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Preventing danger signs in pregnancy at the community level is essential to reduce maternal and fetal complications. ASHA plays an important role to educate pregnant women about common danger signs. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on level of knowledge regarding identification of danger signs in pregnancy among ASHA in selected areas of Kamrup, Assam.Methods & Materials: A quantitative research approach was used. A total number of 60 ASHAs were selected using convenience sampling. The pre test has been conducted to assess the knowledge following that Planned Teaching Programme on danger signs in pregnancy has been administered and post test has been conducted on 7th day after administration of Planned Teaching Programme. Results: Planned Teaching Programme was effective on level of knowledge regarding identification of danger signs in pregnancy among ASHA with mean difference 4.30 between pre test and post test knowledge. Conclusion: Although ASHA workers have received in-service education regarding danger signs in pregnancy, timely and regular training is essential to reinforce and update their knowledge.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Effectiveness, Planned Teaching Programme, ASHA, Danger signs

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition